Positive Impact of Outsourcing in India Essay

Outsourcing or Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) to countries belonging to the developing classification is the present trend. The establishment of outsourcing as an essential component in the world economy is a result of explosive growth of internet, development of the information society, and globalization. The outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) emerged during the time of the start of every corner of the world being brought together by the internet and the national barriers of countries all over the globe were brought down by globalization(Ghimire, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In information technology industry, outsourcing to developing countries is the latest strategy of companies from developed countries mainly as a cost-cutting mechanism. Outsourcing now is not merely other firms handling operations and services of other companies but rather it has crossed the national borders. Parts of the IT aspects or the whole business functions are now executed and managed by different companies in developing countries like India, Brazil, China, Israel, and Philippines. These developing countries have companies which cater to the needs of big companies in developed countries. Outsourcing to other countries is thus the provision of services like those associated with information technology by companies of developing countries to sustain the needs of the companies which are in developed countries. The primary driving force of big companies in developing countries employing outsourcing in developing countries are: higher efficiency, better quality of services, and cheaper labor cost(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The growth of the information technology sector of India has been unparalleled since the liberation of the Indian Telecom sector in 1994. The progression of India as a global outsourcing provider is continuous since then. Today, this country is the primary outsourcing provider in the world, holding the 44% of global outsourcing market in back-office services and software. At the end of 2005 the revenues generated by the outsourcing in this country is 17.2 US dollars; and hired direct employment of 1.05 million people and hired indirect employees which sums up to 2.5 people. These indirectly hired employees are associated with the catering and transport business(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive and negative impacts to the people of India especially on the workers of the outsourcing provider companies are brought about by this new trend. The most significant impact of outsourcing in developing countries like India is on its economy and its employment rate. Numerous numbers of individuals are given the opportunity to work for a living through the outsourcing processes. The outsourcing of the information technology (IT) to India increased the employment rate with 100,000 people being hired annually. Though the salary of those people working in an outsourcing provider from a developing country is lower than those of their developed country counterparts, these salaries are already slightly higher in relation to the rates in their developing country(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of new infrastructures in developing countries like India is another affirmative impact of the business operations outsourcing. Aside from this, outsourcing also brought about the transmittance of ideas and technology to developing countries regarding various aspects of the business industry like manufacturing and agriculture. Guidance in communications from business-to-business and e-commerce applications; information provision regarding marketing and prices; and conveyance of knowledge on services processing operations are among the specific benefits acquired by developing countries through outsourcing(Nag, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The primary component of India’s outsourcing industry is the call centers which are providers of information and telecommunication technology-based off shoring services. The progression of the call center industry in India brought about changes in the culture and society of this nation. India which is a patriarchal society is now faced with the issue of social, cultural, and economic women empowerment because the call center industry prefers to hire women. These women call center agents acquired financial independence hence their outlook, career choice, and attitude changed from being subordinates of the patriarchal society into women capable of being independent and asserting themselves in their society and families. Despite women though being independent financially their social status in the society is not much changed because their work is considered inferiorly dignified due to the night working hours(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The call centers serve as avenue for the Indian call center agents to understand the culture, customs, and accent of the West through the costumers which they provide services. These Indian call center agents are also exposed to diverse culture of the people that they work with because foreigners also come to India and work as call center agents. The outsourcing thus also serves as a medium for the Indian people especially the youth who are working as call center agents to interact with foreigners of different languages and culture(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though outsourcing provides positive impacts to the people in India, it also goes along with its negative attributes. Some call center agents due to the pressures in their work and night working hours undergo panic attacks, stress, relationship troubles, depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, and relatively no social life. Mental, psychological, and health disorders are also observed in outsourcing companies due to the desire of the worker to cope with the challenges in their work. The workers of these outsourcing provider companies are subjected to racial and cultural discrimination by people of the developed countries which they service. The nature of the working hours of these outsourcing workers also brought about social division wherein the working class youth are alienated with their peers because they are not able to socialize with them(Pradhan, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Change like the development of India’s business industry through outsourcing despite having various benefits also comes with diverse disadvantages. The government which benefits from the revenues and taxes which are generated through the outsourcing industry needs to have programs to help the employees of this work force be able to cope up with the challenges they encounter. In general, outsourcing brought about boost in the economy of India and is strengthening the value of rupee against the US dollar. References Ghimire, B. (2005). IT Job Outsourcing. Ubiquity  Ã‚   Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i31_bhumika.html Nag, B. (2004). BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING: IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS. Bulletin on Asia-Pacific Perspectives. Pradhan, J. P. a. V. A. (2005). Social and Cultural Impact of Outsourcing: Emerging Issues from Indian Call Centers. Harvard Asia Quarterly, from http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/155/

Mobile Phone Essay

Some people say that the mobile phone has been the best technology since the development of the computer. However, having a mobile has both pros and cons. On the plus side is that the mobile phone has become popular to everybody since it is very convenient. The most advantage of having a mobile phone is you can communicate to your family and your friends no matter what where you are. For instance, you can contact easily to your friends by calling or sending messages everywhere without electricity. It is maybe the main reason why almost all people today choose to own a mobile phone. From the customer’s point of view, it is obvious that mobile phones assist you in business a lot, such as, make schedule of working, surf the internet, and keep in touch with their companies. Moreover, you can relax with mobile phone’s applications, for example, play games, listen to music, or chat with your friends. On the other hand, there are also disadvantages. Using a lot mobile phone can harm your brain, particularly teenager and children who are under 16 years old. If you use mobile phones too much, you will get bad effects like dizzy, blood-brain barrier, or ears problems. In addition, when you use mobile phones while you are driving, you will get an accident. It is essential not good for you and others. Moreover, â€Å"radiations emitted from the phone are dead harmful for the eardrum†, has proved by many scientist. In conclusion, the invention of mobile phones has changed our lives, whether in positive or negative ways depending on how we use them. People should not overuse them so that they will not be vulnerable to phone addiction and save money. Also, it plays an important in our life and we cannot deny that it has been helping us greatly.

Part Four Chapter VI

VI The next Parish Council meeting, the first since Barry had died, would be crucial in the ongoing battle over the Fields. Howard had refused to postpone the votes on the future of Bellchapel Addiction Clinic, or the town's wish to transfer jurisdiction of the estate to Yarvil. Parminder therefore suggested that she, Colin and Kay ought to meet up the evening before the meeting to discuss strategy. ‘Pagford can't unilaterally decide to alter the parish boundary, can it?' asked Kay. ‘No,' said Parminder patiently (Kay could not help being a newcomer), ‘but the District Council has asked for Pagford's opinion, and Howard's determined to make sure it's his opinion that gets passed on.' They were holding their meeting in the Walls' sitting room, because Tessa had put subtle pressure on Colin to invite the other two where she could listen in. Tessa handed around glasses of wine, put a large bowl of crisps on the coffee table, then sat back in silence, while the other three talked. She was exhausted and angry. The anonymous post about Colin had brought on one of his most debilitating attacks of acute anxiety, so severe that he had been unable to go to school. Parminder knew how ill he was – she had signed him off work – yet she invited him to participate in this pre-meeting, not caring, it seemed, what fresh effusions of paranoia and distress Tessa would have to deal with tonight. ‘There's definitely resentment out there about the way the Mollisons are handling things,' Colin was saying, in the lofty, knowledgeable tone he sometimes adopted when pretending to be a stranger to fear and paranoia. ‘I think it's starting to get up people's noses, the way they think that they can speak for the town. I've got that impression, you know, while I've been canvassing.' It would have been nice, thought Tessa bitterly, if Colin could have summoned these powers of dissimulation for her benefit occasionally. Once, long ago, she had liked being Colin's sole confidante, the only repository of his terrors and the font of all reassurance, but she no longer found it flattering. He had kept her awake from two o'clock until half-past three that morning, rocking backwards and forwards on the edge of the bed, moaning and crying, saying that he wished he were dead, that he could not take it, that he wished he had never stood for the seat, that he was ruined †¦ Tessa heard Fats on the stairs, and tensed, but her son passed the open door on his way to the kitchen with nothing worse than a scathing glance at Colin, who was perched in front of the fire on a leather pouffe, his knees level with his chest. ‘Maybe Miles' standing for the empty seat will really antagonize people – even the Mollisons' natural supporters?' said Kay hopefully. ‘I think it might,' said Colin, nodding. Kay turned to Parminder. ‘D'you think the council will really vote to force Bellchapel out of their building? I know people get uptight about discarded needles, and addicts hanging around the neighbourhood, but the clinic's miles away †¦ why does Pagford care?' ‘Howard and Aubrey are scratching each other's backs,' explained Parminder, whose face was taut, with dark brown patches under her eyes. (It was she who would have to attend the council meeting the next day, and fight Howard Mollison and his cronies without Barry by her side.) ‘They need to make cuts in spending at District level. If Howard turfs the clinic out of its cheap building, it'll be much more expensive to run and Fawley can say the costs have increased, and justify cutting council funding. Then Fawley will do his best to make sure that the Fields get reassigned to Yarvil.' Tired of explaining, Parminder pretended to examine the new stack of papers about Bellchapel that Kay had brought with her, easing herself out of the conversation. Why am I doing this? she asked herself. She could have been sitting at home with Vikram, who had been watching comedy on television with Jaswant and Rajpal as she left. The sound of their laughter had jarred on her; when had she last laughed? Why was she here, drinking nasty warm wine, fighting for a clinic that she would never need and a housing development inhabited by people she would probably dislike if she met them? She was not Bhai Kanhaiya, who could not see a difference between the souls of allies and enemies; she saw no light of God shining from Howard Mollison. She derived more pleasure from the thought of Howard losing, than from the thought of Fields children continuing to attend St Thomas's, or from Fields people being able to break their addictions at Bellchapel, although, in a distant and dispassionate way, she thought that these were good things †¦ (But she knew why she was doing it, really. She wanted to win for Barry. He had told her all about coming to St Thomas's. His classmates had invited him home to play; he, who had been living in a caravan with his mother and two brothers, had relished the neat and comfortable houses of Hope Street, and been awed by the big Victorian houses on Church Row. He had even attended a birthday party in that very cow-faced house that he had subsequently bought, and where he had raised his four children. He had fallen in love with Pagford, with the river and the fields and the solid-walled houses. He had fantasized about having a garden to play in, a tree from which to hang a swing, space and greenness everywhere. He had collected conkers and taken them back to the Fields. After shining at St Thomas's, top of his class, Barry had gone on to be the first in his family to go to university. Love and hate, Parminder thought, a little frightened by her own honesty. Love and hate, that's why I'm here †¦ ) She turned over a page of Kay's documents, feigning concentration. Kay was pleased that the doctor was scrutinizing her papers so carefully, because she had put a lot of time and thought into them. She could not believe that anybody reading her material would not be convinced that the Bellchapel clinic ought to remain in situ. But through all the statistics, the anonymous case studies and first-person testimonies, Kay really thought of the clinic in terms of only one patient: Terri Weedon. There had been a change in Terri, Kay could feel it, and it made her both proud and frightened. Terri was showing faint glimmerings of an awakened sense of control over her life. Twice lately, Terri had said to Kay, ‘They ain' takin' Robbie, I won' lerrem,' and these had not been impotent railings against fate, but statements of intent. ‘I took ‘im ter nursery yest'day,' she told Kay, who had made the mistake of looking astonished. ‘Why's tha' so fuckin' shockin'? Aren' I good enough ter go ter the fuckin' nurs'ry?' If Bellchapel's door was slammed shut against Terri, Kay was sure it would blow to pieces that delicate structure they were trying to build out of the wreckage of a life. Terri seemed to have a visceral fear of Pagford that Kay did not understand. ‘I ‘ate that fuckin' place,' she had said, when Kay had mentioned it in passing. Beyond the fact that her dead grandmother had lived there, Kay knew nothing of Terri's history with the town, but she was afraid that if Terri was asked to travel there weekly for her methadone her self-control would crumble, and with it the family's fragile new safety. Colin had taken over from Parminder, explaining the history of the Fields; Kay nodded, bored, and said ‘mm', but her thoughts were a long way away. Colin was deeply flattered by the way this attractive young woman was hanging on his every word. He felt calmer tonight than at any point since he had read that awful post, which was gone from the website. None of the cataclysms that Colin had imagined in the small hours had come to pass. He was not sacked. There was no angry mob outside his front door. Nobody on the Pagford Council website, or indeed anywhere else on the internet (he had performed several Google searches), was demanding his arrest or incarceration. Fats walked back past the open door, spooning yoghurt into his mouth as he went. He glanced into the room, and for a fleeting moment met Colin's gaze. Colin immediately lost the thread of what he had been saying. ‘†¦ and †¦ yes, well, that's it in a nutshell,' he finished lamely. He glanced towards Tessa for reassurance, but his wife was staring stonily into space. Colin was a little hurt; he would have thought that Tessa would be glad to see him feeling so much better, so much more in control, after their wretched, sleepless night. Dreadful swooping sensations of dread were agitating his stomach, but he drew much comfort from the proximity of his fellow underdog and scapegoat Parminder, and from the sympathetic attention of the attractive social worker. Unlike Kay, Tessa had listened to every word that Colin had just said about the Fields' right to remain joined to Pagford. There was, in her opinion, no conviction behind his words. He wanted to believe what Barry had believed, and he wanted to defeat the Mollisons, because that was what Barry had wanted. Colin did not like Krystal Weedon, but Barry had liked her, so he assumed that there was more worth in her than he could see. Tessa knew her husband to be a strange mixture of arrogance and humility, of unshakeable conviction and insecurity. They're completely deluded, Tessa thought, looking at the other three, who were poring over some graph that Parminder had extracted from Kay's notes. They think they'll reverse sixty years of anger and resentment with a few sheets of statistics. None of them was Barry. He had been a living example of what they proposed in theory: the advancement, through education from poverty to affluence, from powerlessness and dependency to valuable contributor to society. Did they not see what hopeless advocates they were, compared to the man who had died? ‘People are definitely getting irritable with the Mollisons trying to run everything,' Colin was saying. ‘I do think,' said Kay, ‘that they'll be hard-pushed, if they read this stuff, to pretend that the clinic isn't doing crucial work.' ‘Not everybody's forgotten Barry, on the council,' said Parminder, in a slightly shaky voice. Tessa realized that her greasy fingers were groping vainly in space. While the others had talked, she had single-handedly finished the entire bowl of crisps.

Nono Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nono - Essay Example This approach will not function properly in a group that is uncooperative, hostile or not evenly represented. Turnover may also take a long time, plus it also has limited external accountability (Ballou, 1916). This evaluation depends majorly on the skills of evaluators, but what the students need is someone who they are conversant with such as their teachers to evaluate them. Hogan, L. (2007). The historical development of program evaluation: Exploring the past and present. Charleston, Illinois: Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 24th July, 2012 from http://wed.siu.edu/Journal/VolIInum4/Article_4.pdf Even though, involving many stakeholders will formulate chances of better results, some stakeholders tend to shut other stakeholders out of the program since they think that they are more experienced than the other stakeholders. For example, administrators, expert evaluators and parents may dismiss the opinions and views of the high school students because they may feel the students are inexperienced and not knowledgeable enough. Also, the expert evaluators involved will mostly shut the parents out of the evaluation without taking into consideration that parents only want the best for the children. These professional evaluators see parents as setbacks to their plans (Hogan, 2007). Students, on the other hand, might end up not cooperating with the evaluators (McCarthy, 2008). A way of preventing such a case is by stating the roles of each stakeholder early before the evaluation begins. It is vital for every stakeholder to know his or her duty in the program before the program commenc es so as to avoid any hindrances. It is also important for all the stakeholders to understand the roles of the other stakeholders so that they do not take each other for granted. Hogan, L. (2007). The historical development of program evaluation: exploring the past and present. Charleston, Illinois: Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 24th July, 2012 from

New Venture Formation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Venture Formation - Research Paper Example New venture development In order to easily interpret the process of new venture or business development, it is better to split the term ‘business development’ into two such as business and development. The term business constitutes certain significant elements like finance, managerial activities, competition, marketing, and prices. In addition, the basic idea behind the term business is that it largely relates to risk and entrepreneurship. At the same time, the term ‘development’ can be linked with some other aspects such as technological improvement, improved relations, cost reduction, and general welfare. According to conventional views, business development is considered as gradual development of business ideas and business operations; and although the techniques used to promote the business expansion may differ, all of them constitute traditional marketing (â€Å"New venture development†). The traditional marketing was mainly concerned with how to find, approach, and customer retention using the given lines of product. It is obvious that this traditional business development concept has limited scope as it covers only marketing views. Hence, the modern corporate entrepreneurship concept redefines the new business development in a broad manner. ... Recently, scholars have identified that new venture development process has a close relationship with technology and business networks. In other words, the major purpose of the business development process is to recognize opportunities in a fast changing technological world. Phases of new venture formation New venture formation or development includes a series of processes including idea generation and development, market research methodologies, financial forecasting and spread sheet formulation, and new venture funding. These processes/phases are briefly described below. 1. Idea generation and development As Mallett points out, idea generation is the most important phase of a new venture development process as this phase determines the direction of flow of the whole business performance (149). While forming a business idea, an entrepreneur must take different factors into account. He has to ensure that his business idea well suits with persisting market trends and possesses adequate financial sources to successfully launch the product into the market. It must be also emphasized that the business idea should be novel enough to survive the market competition. Idea generation is a very challenging task but putting it into practice can be much harder. Once an idea strikes a person (entrepreneur), he has to chart all the details of what he wants to achieve and how he is going to proceed with it. The entrepreneur must be very careful at this stage since spending too much time in the idea generation phase would stunt the entrepreneur’s creativity. The entrepreneur may seek assistance from managerial experts to make necessary

Questions week 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions week 10 - Essay Example This would mean that cars that could not move could not be stolen. Thus, this solves the crime of stolen cars. Other crimes such as murder cannot necessarily be solved since people are free to make their own decisions and decisions are often unpredictable. However, positive role models and morals can influence better decisions. Society in general, has a responsibility when it comes to crime in society. Geographical locations, race and gender determine how society acts towards others. These actions can leave society responsible for crime. It is also important to determine influences that society has. Society can influence crime and should take responsibility for its influences whether positive or negative. Our current policies are not enough since the increase of crime is happening everywhere. A change needs to take place that enforces better policies that work. If I could personally do something differently I would choose to help change society which in return can help to change crime. A better and more responsible society with adequate morals can contribute to a lessened crime rate and better actions throughout society. Most of this positive change should come from role models, mentors and any parental

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Response - Essay Example And it may not contain any worthy information of meaning. Moreover, many citizens complain about graffiti and ask the government to clean the streets, which takes pretty much money. But on the other hand, graffiti is a positive phenomenon. According to Kiai, it is â€Å"a legitimate and powerful form of social, economic and political protest†. The information from graffiti often appears to be more trustworthy than media news. The author points out the question, why we should ban this form of expression and at the same time put up with legitimate forms of protest, such as billboards, banners and slogans. In my opinion, graffiti as not vandalism. It may even require more talent than some works of modern art. Possible solution offered by Kiai is to invest money into painting lessons, rather than waste them on constant cleaning of the walls. This will improve the quality of graffiti. I believe it is a proper decision. The idea of this article is to show the role of rap music in contemporary Arab world. It is interesting to observe the transformation of rap. Being initially an American style, mainly perceived as brutal and cruel music, rap has evolved into something much bigger. According to Fernandes, it plays â€Å"a critical role in articulating citizen discontent over poverty, rising food prices, blackouts, unemployment, police repression and political corruption†. Rap performers tell about significant problems in their songs, accusing government and presidents openly. Rap music accumulates national consciousness and helps people to protest against illegitimate government and dictatorial regime. I have never thought about rap music in such a way before, but now I think, it is an effective way to bring about considerable changes. The subject of discussion in this article is also hip-hop music. It somehow corresponds to the previous article, describing the relationship between rap and government.

Tanning Beds Should Be Banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tanning Beds Should Be Banned - Essay Example The tanning beds again are accessible as their popularity also enabled the growth of salons. Tanning bed salons are found in almost every area. The tanning service done indoors allows for a cosmetic tan in moderation and control of the skin form and a regulator that minimizes the danger of overexposure and sunburn. The affirmative psychological benefits of tanning can also be as a result of other factors saves for endorphins. The advantage alleged by the tanning industry with regards to the tanning indoors different from the outside tanning is the quantity of control the tanner bears. An often alleged advantage of non natural tanning is the increased production of Vitamin D. The utilization of Vitamin D offers a supplementary reliable, fair and clearly protected way to acquiring the desired Vitamin D (www.time.com, 1) Indoor tanning beds may perhaps or might not be valuable for the treatment of SAD. It is plausible that the advantage that numerous SAD patients experience is more as a result of tanning leaving a sense of good feeling in general, instead of treating the SAD itself because the tanning beds do not generate wavelength of light required for an efficient treatment of SAD. WHO on Tanning Beds and Cancer This article tackles the effects of tannin g bed as researched by The World Health Organization’s Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The article reports that tanning beds have hard harmful effects on populations as well cause cancer. WHO has declared tanning bed usage, a vital cancer danger. It reports that the organization ranked UV tanning beds to its highest cancer risk grouping, â€Å"carcinogenic to individuals." According to the article, the faction had previously categorized sun lamp and tanning bed application as potential â€Å"carcinogenic to humans.† It offers information connecting the indoor tanning to the lethal skin cancer melanoma which is ample and undeniable. A remarkable increase in melanoma, mostly among the youthfu l women, has been observed in recent years. Studies done imply that the past decade offers enough evidence to ascertain that, tanning bed use, has had a significant role, jointly with exposure to direct sun. A tan which excites many people who view it a sign of health are unaware of its dangers to the skin (Boyles, 1). The IARC faction met and reviewed the research on tanning beds as well as part played by ultraviolet light contact in skin cancer. They concluded that ultraviolet A (UVA), B (UVB) and ultraviolet C (UVC) radiations, all contribute in causing cancer, in animal forms. This is critical because as it contradicts the claims of the indoor tanning industry, which advocated that tanning beds were secure since the bulbs possessed more UVA radiation as compared to UVB. It is reported in the article that melanoma cases in the US have doubled between the periods of mid 1990s to 2004. The research argued that this rapid rise could not be elaborated by screening and prior detection of cancer. It was also reported that tanning before one reaches 30 years linked with an astounding 75% rise in melanoma hazard. It was also discovered that according to the article that young women suffering from cancer between 1973 and 2004 indicated tripling cases on melanoma (Boyles, 1). Reasons against tanning beds and their harm Although

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics - Essay Example In an oligopoly market structure there are a limited number of firms operating in the marketplace. In the market structure in which Ford operates the barriers of entry are high (Amosweb, 2011). This is one of the reasons why there are a limited number of participants in the auto industry. One of the major barriers of entry is capital. It takes billions of dollars to create the infrastructure necessary to become an auto maker. The learning curve to become efficient at producing cars is long, thus experience is extremely important. The price elasticity of demand in the auto industry is medium. Customers care about price, but there are lots of other features that add value such as reliability, warranty, luxury, and performance which ultimately determine the price point of the automobile. A strategy Ford has used in the last couple of years is introducing hybrid vehicle models. One of its best selling models is the Ford Fusion Hybrid. The economic profits in an oligopoly market structure depend on the other players (Answers, 2011). For example when one company has clearance sales, other firms follow and implement similar strategies. Players in oligopoly markets such as Ford have power over their suppliers. References Amosweb.com (2011). Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition. Retrieved March 7, 2011 from http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=oligopoly+and+monopolistic+competition Annual Report: Ford Motor (2009).

Human Rights and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Human Rights and Sexuality - Essay Example It is due to the reason that in the modern world, to provide justification to gender hierarchies and maintain a fundamental base of social structure, legal constitutions play a vital role in terms of social orientation rights in any country . This configuration of the human society supposedly raises a question that as a social being, are human not free to have sex as they will to, or do they lack control on their self determination which should be guided by a few documented legal acclamations . But certainly this is not the question that is to be focused in this study. The nature of social ideology towards human rights relative to their social orientation have changed dramatically realising the social and biological enclosure that sexual orientations in a human life can also be in homosexual terms rather than only in heterosexual ways. This revolutionised the legal systems related to human rights and sexual orientations motivating many countries to accept that marriages can even take place between two peoples of the same sex as homosexual mode of orientation, such as UK, United States, South Africa and India among others . However, in the highly adaptable and complex social stature of the 21st century, socialists perceive contrasting views regarding the legal framing of homosexual orientation and heterosexual orientation simultaneously in the same country. Due to this reason it is still being commentated that ‘in some countries same-sex couples can marry, while in others the death penalty is still handed down for homosexual acts’ . ... Taking into account the importance of legal constitutions in terms of sexual orientation rights, this paper will try to assess that whether this kind of contradicting views can co-exist in the same international legal order and how does this performance correlate with gender hierarchies and national identities. Recent Developments in the Sexual Orientation Rights The conceptual meaning of rights has changed to a large extent in the current decade from that of the early centuries when it was initially introduced. To be mentioned, human rights, in the early years of its establishments, fundamentally meant the freedom of people from being deprived by the autocratic behaviour of the state. But in today’s context, rights are generally meant to be ‘democratic political processes’ where the intention is to secure individuals and the entire population from being offended by the power owned by the state. With this point of view, democratic countries have brought into pract ice the right of clean environment, rights to peace and similar others focusing on the entire economic health and thus is often referred to possess a broad scope eliminating the uniqueness and specific dichotomy of human rights. Right to sexual orientation is also considered to be one of the recent additions to human rights that tend to broaden the conceptual framework of human rights towards a more indistinct disposition5. In this connection, studies from the past few decades have observed that remarkable changes have impacted the relationship existing between human rights and sexual orientation. In the current scenario, scholars argue more on the concerns of sexual rights

Brahms Requiem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brahms Requiem - Assignment Example Brahms was highly influenced and affected by his mother and friend’s death and he thought that there was need to perform a requiem mass to console those who were grieving and also to let the dead lie peacefully. As a matter of fact this German artist felt that he had to pay tribute to his benefactor Robert Schumann (Musgrave 5) so that he could always feel him around and have his musical memories as well as the memories of his mother. Franco-Prussian war ended in 1866. This war is believed to have influenced Brahms to compose his requiem to fare well the war’s victims and console the affected souls. There are also several events that happened believed to have influence his composition without any one of them being the exact or main reason behind the requiem but they are said to be the forces behind Brahms requiem. Comparison of Brahms Requiem in line with classical music Brahms requiem was believed to be lengthy and full of empty passages but compared to other performances by different artists, it is so classical and of good quality (Musgrave 8). The slow piano playing makes the message being conveyed to be received as intended and this also makes it perfect for such performances to take place at Ellen Eccles.

Failure vs Success Essay Example for Free

Failure vs Success Essay

Negative Aspects Of Nuclear Power Plants

Negative Aspects Of Nuclear Power Plants There are many different types of power sources across the world that produce electricity in many different ways. There are methods that use the power of nature, such as: hydroelectric power which uses the power of water to spin a turbine, windmills that use the power of the wind to spin a generator, and solar power which uses the heat from the sun. There are also man-made methods such as: power plants that burn coal, generators that burn gasoline, and plants that burn wood to use the heat from the fires to produce electricity. There is also nuclear power, which uses the heat from a radioactive isotope to produce electricity. Nuclear power is formed by energy harnessed from a natural resource. It is produced in power plants or power houses. Nuclear power is efficient, uses fewer natural resources, and adds a minimal amount of pollution to the atmosphere (Wilcox 1996). In the same respects, nuclear power can be very dangerous and produce long term negative effects to the environment. Radioactivity is extremely harmful, not only to the environment, but also to the people who come in contact with it. This has long made it feared by people who live around nuclear power plants and made these power plants a target for terrorists. The are at least two incidents involving nuclear power plants that had gone wrong within recent history. On April 26, 1987, Chernobyl nuclear facilitys number four reactor sustained catastrophic damage when a routine safety test went wrong. An explosion in the number four reactor spewed radioactive material miles into the air creating a radioactive situation 100 times worse than Hiroshima. The immediate death toll was 31, while thousands will have to live with the long term effects of the radioactivity (Chernobyl accident..2011). On March 28, 1979, Three Mile Island nuclear facility experienced an overheat condition in one of their nuclear reactors when operators noticed an increase in water flow to the reactor exceeding normal levels. They attempted to correct the problem, but only succeeded in making it worse. The incident was contained with minor exposure of radioactivity to the environment but not until after the radioactive fuel rods melted through the bottom of their HYPERLINK ../../../../../../../bio/Jennifer-Rosenberg-7900.htmcontainers. During the process some radioactivity escaped into the atmosphere (Three mile..2010). The examples of the disasters above show both the instability and destructive nature of the uranium used in nuclear power plants. Uranium and plutonium, the byproduct of nuclear fission, which is the process used to create nuclear energy, and are extremely unstable if not maintained perfectly in the correct conditions. The instability of these two radioactive elements can lead to both dangerous and destructive outcomes. As witnessed in the Three Mile Island disaster, when uranium is not properly cooled it can reach temperatures high enough to allow it to melt through its container causing the possible release of radioactive material into the environment. The outcome from the accidental release of radioactive material from a nuclear power plant into the environment is far more destructive and long term than the release of other energy producing materials, such as coal, oil, or other fossil fuels. Clean up is also a lot more difficult and hazardous. The effects of the release of radioa ctive material can last several billion years and can forever change the environment where it occurred. The after effects of an accidental release of fossil fuels, such as oil, from a typical power plant is far less dangerous (Diehl 2004). The wildlife repopulates and regrows quicker from the accidental release of fossil fuels than from the accidental release of nuclear energy. This shows how nuclear energy is dangerous to the health of the environment. The mining process of uranium for a nuclear power plant causes the same environmental effects as the mining of coal, on a smaller scale. The mining process also produces lead, a hazardous material known to cause cancer, birth defects, and other human and environmental problems. Uranium, unlike many other sources of energy, such as wind, water, and sun, is a non renewable resource. During mining, to keep ground water from entering the underground mine, uranium contaminated water is often pumped into local rivers and lakes, polluting that water as well. After the mine is shut down, there is a great risk of ground water becoming contaminated. Waste rock which is rock removed from the mines that does not have enough usable material in it is removed from the mine and piled above the surface. This material usually contains higher than normal amounts of radiation. This waste rock is often turned into gravel used for cement and paving roads, spreading radioactive material across large areas (Diehl 2004). This shows how even the mining process is very destructive and dangerous to the environment. While producing fewer greenhouse gases, nuclear power can hardly be considered an efficient, effective, cleaner alternative to the production of electricity. When compared to the amount of energy produced from the burning of fossil fuels, we see that the amount of power from a nuclear power plant is lower than that created from the burning of fossil fuels. It takes far more time and resources for nuclear power to equal the production from other sources such as fossil fuels (Linnerud 2011). In the increase in demand for energy from the nuclear power plants, the green house emissions also rise with the increase in production. This shows the inefficiency of nuclear power and the increase of greenhouse pollution. This proves that the increase of nuclear power in place of fossil fuels does not provide a reduction in climate changing effects during the production of energy (Lloyd 2006). Resources Chernobyl Nuclear Accident [homepage on the Internet]. World Nuclear Association; 2011 Mar..[cited 2011 Mar. 21]. Available from http://www.world-nuclear.org Diehl P. Uranium Mining and Milling Wastes: An Introduction. [homepage on the Internet]. 2004 Aug.15..[cited 2011 Mar. 21]. Available from http://www.wise-uranium.org Linnerud K. The Impact of Climate Change on Nuclear Power Supply, Energy Journal 2011; 32 (1): 149-168. Lloyd B. Nuclear Power and the Greenhouse Effect [homepage on the Internet]. Darwin (NT): Parlamentary Library Service; 2006. [cited 2011 Mar. 21]. Available from http://www.ntl.nt.gov.au. Three Mile Island Accident [homepage on the Internet]. World Nuclear Association; 2011 Mar..[cited 2010 Jan.]. Available from http://www.world-nuclear.org Wilcox C. Powerhouse. Minneapolis (MN): Carolrhoda Books, Inc. 1996. 48p.

The Operation Management Of Fedex Information Technology Essay

The Operation Management Of Fedex Information Technology Essay FedEx is the worlds largest express transportation company founded in 1971. Revenues in fiscal year 2008 were $38 billion and a net income of $1.13 billion. There are more than 280,000 employees worldwide, serving 210 countries and 366 airports worldwide, with 657 aircraft. The ground vehicle fleet numbers 43,500 worldwide. There are 44,000 drop boxes, 2400 FedEx shipping sites and 7600 authorized shipping centers. The average package volume amounts to approximately 3.1 million packages daily, weighing in at 25.6 million pounds annually. Average daily freight volume is about 7 million pounds per day. This level of business generates more than 500,000 daily calls and 63 million daily electronic transmissions. The domestic market is currently viewed as mature a The FedEx Family: FedEx Corporation, a $20-billion global enterprise FedEx Express, the worlds largest express transportation company, this is the overnight courier services, mainly using aircrafts for transportation. FedEx Ground, North Americas second-largest provider of ground small-package delivery within 24 hours. Mainly trucks are used for packages movement. FedEx Freight, a leading provider of regional less than truckload freight services, trucks are the main transportation system FedEx Custom Critical, the worlds largest surface expedited carrier for urgent, valuable or hazardous items, using charted aircraft and trucks. FedEx Trade Networks, a high-tech customs broker and trade facilitator FedEx Office, known as Kinkos, offer a full services of copying, editing, and printing. FedEx Supply Chain Services, a filial of FedEx that provides logistics services, as transportation management, critical inventory logisticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it offers a portfolio of services that helps turn supply chain management into a competitive strategy. Supply chain services at FedEx have mainly focused on customer needs in term of cost reduction, time-definite, and global solutions to improve customers competitive position. In addition to this supply chain services aggressively pursue business opportunities to meet and exceed FedEx earnings and growth objectives. To fulfill those objectives FedEx uses a company culture defined by: The effectiveness of their communications. The empowerment of their people for peak performance. Employee pride in performance. A safe and rewarding work environment. Their mutually rewarding partnerships with customers and suppliers. Understanding and valuing diversity. Focus on our customers and a passion for service excellence. Conducting business to the highest ethical and professional standards. Supply chain FedEx Supply Chain Services designs, develops, and applies transportation management and e-Logistics solutions to improve inventory visibility, velocity, and speed to market. Their transportation management service improves transportation processes and can increase efficiencies. Their e-Logistics group helps customers compete in todays highly competitive e-Business channels. The FedEx network uses a HUB and SPOKE system allowing flexibility in primary warehousing, distribution, secondary warehousingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to ensure minimum inventory holding cost providing the customers with a cutting edge over its competitors. HUB city city city city Delivery Delivery Delivery Pickup Pickup Pickup The HUB and SPOKE system To ensure connection between the hub and the city charted aircraft and trucks are used, aircraft assure the hub connection. Transportation and logistics management Transportation is the linkage process in logistics and often consumes much of the resources provided to the logistics function especially with a package delivery process companies like FedEx. It once dominated the distribution activity but for most companies it is now integrated into an overall activity. There are three factors that need to be considered. Operational factors include customer, environmental, product and company characteristics. The choice of transport mode is influenced by load size, density, value, competitive necessity and cost structures. Channel strategy considerations include the identification of available channels and the interfaces within each channel. FedEx combines people and technology to optimize cost and service. Their transportation management service combines sophisticated information technology with human resources to improve the inbound and outbound transportation processes of their customers. Their service simplifies carrier selection, improves logistics management, and offers cost savings opportunities. They streamline transportation management by providing a single point of contact for all of customers shipment and delivery needs. A team of dedicated coordinators is assigned to each account. Clients order service via electronic data interchange, the Internet, phone, or fax. They identify the carrier that will provide the lowest cost and best service for a customers shipment via software bases developed by FedEx. Then, a coordinator alerts the selected carrier and dispatches a vehicle. The result is a simplified, cost-effective process for managing transportation and inventory carrying costs. Transportation accounts for the largest resource commitment in the logistics activity, therefore its relative cost/benefit profile must be established within the context of the level of customer satisfaction that is being set as an objective. There are a number of interface areas and therefore decisions shared by transportation. These should be explored by first identifying the areas of flexibility and inflexibility of the decisions and most importantly that of the customer service objectives. The decisions influenced by transportation considerations include: Customer communications Market coverage Sourcing decisions Processing/manufacturing Customer service decisions. FedEx combines people and technology to optimize cost and service. Their transportation management service combines sophisticated information technology with human resources to improve the inbound and outbound transportation processes of their customers. Their service simplifies carrier selection, improves logistics management, and offers cost savings opportunities. They streamline transportation management by providing a single point of contact for all of a customers shipment and delivery needs. A team of dedicated coordinators is assigned to each account. Clients order service via electronic data interchange, the Internet, phone, or fax. They identify the carrier that will provide the lowest cost and best service for a customers shipment. Then, a coordinator alerts the selected carrier and dispatches a vehicle. The result is a simplified, cost-effective process for managing transportation and inventory carrying costs. Heres what your company can expect from their transportation management service: Transportation Savings: As a result of their carrier network and superior technology, they offer transportation savings opportunities to their customers. Discipline Control: They identify delivery dates; then, they determine the right mode of transportation for each shipment. In addition, they audit carrier compliance to their customers specifications. Convenience: They audit your freight bills and allocate charges to the appropriate accounting code within your organization. In addition, they offer the opportunity to reduce administration costs through electronic, paperless invoices. Information: They capture complete data about your companys shipments and provide useful management reports to further improve your transportation process. Customer service in the supply chain Efficient Consumer Response refers to the situation that makes the consumer the hero by providing better service to customers at lower cost, fewer stock outs and new products they want. Consumers will get a better deal overall. All this is done through control of information and product form the point of manufacturing to the point of sale, with the intent of eliminating waste and reducing cost cross an entire distribution pipeline. With ECR the entire pipeline is driven by scanned data at the point of sale. Replenishment orders are communicated via EDI to direct store delivery to retail distribution centers to wholesaler / distributor and to the manufacturers. This ensures that the right amount of product is delivered in a timely fashion, eliminating unnecessary inventory in the pipeline, eliminating stock outs and also eliminating the need for each pipeline participant to conduct its own forecast. In essence, ECR makes it possible for participants in a distribution pipeline to substitute information for inventory. The benefits to them are increased product velocity and the competitive benefits of significantly lower costs. Example FedEx has a 24 hour call center; the customers can call and make an order for pickup and delivery. FedEx assures a maximum 1 hour response time for pick up. The customer is expected to package the goods to be sent. Also after the pick-up has taken place, a one-hour time for doing the necessary paperwork is required. Following this a maximum of 6 hours processing time is needed at the airport for bagging, tagging, foreign exchange remittance, security check, clearance, etc. Keeping in mind the time for departure of flight, FedEx works backward to ensure that the product is picked and delivered on time For achieving this FedEx has a call cutoff time after which they stop taking calls for that particular day They have an office cut off time after which paper work by the office is not done. And they have at ramp cutoff time after which a package is not taken to the airport (this is the time required to balance the aircraft and to secure the goods to it.) However the adjustments to these rules can be made depending on the proximity of the customers to the office or his volunteering to drop off the package at the airport, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ DHL Express DHL is a Deutsche Post World Net company of Germany that provides international Mail, Express, Logistics and Finance. The company was founded in 1969 by Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom, and Robert Lynn. The trio initially provided a courier service between the Continental United States and Hawaii then expanded the business from there. In 1998, Deutsche Post World Net began to acquire shares in DHL, finally reached majority ownership in 2001, and completed the purchase in 2002. DHL owns its own cargo airlines, European Air Transport, originally based in Brussels, and DHL Air, based at the East Midlands Airport in the United Kingdom. DHL is the global market leader in international express, overland transport and air freight. It is also the worlds number 1 in ocean freight and contract logistics. DHL offers a full range of customized solutions from express document shipping to supply chain management. As on 2009, DHL employees have 500 000 employees across the various locations, has 6500 offices, more than 450 Hubs, and Warehouses Terminals, 240 Gateways, and 420 Aircraft, 76200 vehicles, serves more than 220 countries, and make more than 1.5 shipments per Year! Supply Chain DHL is completely service oriented therefore it does not have its own material movement, that means it only involves physical distribution and procurement. Procurement also includes the material needed for packaging such as paper, molded trays and boxes, wooden crates, standard containers wraps, plastic inlays etc. The materials or the goods collected from the senders (including papers, documents, physical goods like clothing, household good, chemicals, exotic animals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) are weighed, checked for condition, and depending upon its various characteristics it is packed. The goods are then dispatched to their destinations. There is no value addition to the material itself but it is done to the service which is provided (ex. if there has to be a certain package delivered from A to B the normal services would take about 2 days whereas as a super-fast delivery would be done in about 9 hours) Information flow identifies specific locations within a logistical system that have requirements. Information also integrates the three operating areas. The primary objective of developing and specifying requirements is to plan and execute integrated logistical operations. These flows are divided into two major types: Coordination flow Operation flow Coordination flow Objectives: Coordination is the backbone of the overall information system, It implies estimating the time requires for collecting the goods from the door step of the sender and then estimating the time for the goods to reach the final customer. Forecasting: utilizes historical data, current activity levels, and planning assumptions to predict future activity levels, as for DHL the whole business depends on the vital point of timely delivery, Based on the distance to the final receiver, the accessibility, the documentations and procedures that need to be handled. They have fine-tuned process of delivery. They can accurately gauge how much time it will take for the goods to reach its end destination. Operation flow The second aspect of information requirements is concerned with directing operations to receive, process, and ship inventory as required supporting customer and purchasing orders. Operational requirements deal with: Order management Order processing Distribution operations Inventory management Transportation and shipping Procurement DHL owns its success for the efficiency with which the operations are carried out. Here not only the company but the sender and sometimes the receiver can track the goods through their information center. They are given a certain password which they can use to trace via online or their customer service helpline. Transportation DHL uses all the modes of transportations that is airways roadways waterways rail freight DHL has its own fleet of airplanes and motor vans. Depending upon the final destination where the goods have to finally reach and the type of package the customer has paid for, DHL uses the individual modes of transport or a combination of either of these or all. Once again the geographical location and how fast the goods have to be delivered are the factors for the final selection of modes of transportation. DHL provides an appropriate logistical solution which helps in reducing the overall cost for the customers. Warehousing Two type of warehousing: Bonded Warehousing, provides secure environments, in which customers products can be held, without paying the local taxes. Shared-user Warehousing is a shared-user facility that is designed to meet the needs of organizations of any size, mainly used, for leading manufacturers and retailers of medical supplies, consumer products, industrial equipment, chemicals and technology. Through sharing of DHLs resources, such as space, labor, equipment and transportation, customers benefit from synergies that considerably reduce supply chain costs. Consequently, the customer can increase efficiencies throughout their distribution network and maintain a higher level of service to their customers. Comparison Strategic objectives HUB and SPOKE Nature and location of customers, which are matched to the required products and services to be performed Operational flows process-oriented, integrated approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services to customers logical progression of developments in logistics management directing operations to receive, process, and ship inventory as required supporting customer and purchasing orders the efficiency with which the operations are carried out Supply chain optimization suppliers at one end and customers at the other electronic data, electronic funds transfer effective supply chain solution operational improvement and inventory analysis Customer service Efficient Consumer Response reducing cost Power Packaging Add flexibility Accelerate time to mark Transportation Mainly Aircraft and Roadways Adaptive to market and product Airways, roadways, waterways, rail freight Depends on the packages to transport Conclusion From the previous analysis both operations management seems to be efficient dependent on the companys philosophy and both are the leading companies in the package transportation and distribution. Bibliographies http://www.dhl.com/ http://www.fedex.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHL_Express

Everyman :: essays papers

Everyman The play â€Å"Everyman† is about a complacent Everyman who is informed by Death of his approaching end. The play shows the hero’s progression from despair and fear of death to a â€Å"Christian resignation that is the prelude to redemption.† Throughout the play Everyman is deserted by things that he thought were of great importance portrayed by characters that take the names of the things they represent. Throughout the play Everyman asks the characters to accompany him on his journey to death. He starts with Fellowship, his friends, who promises to go with him until they are informed of the destination. They desert Everyman at that point. He calls upon people who are closer to him, Kindred and Cousin, his kinsmen. They also promise to â€Å"live and die together,† but, when asked to accompany Everyman, they remind of the things he never did for them and desert him. Everyman then calls upon Goods, his material possessions. Goods explains to him that they cannot go on the journey with him, so he is once again deserted. Good Deeds then gets called upon. They say that even though they want to go on the journey, they are unable to at the moment. They advise Everyman to speak to Knowledge. Knowledge is the one that brings Everyman on the journey to cleanse himself. They first go to Confession, which gives him a penance. Once he does his penance, Good Deeds is able to rise from th e ground. They then call upon Discretion, Strength, Five Wits, and Beauty. At first they follow him on his journey, but when they approach his grave they race away as fast as they can. When he finally sinks into his grave, the only one that accompanies him is Good Deeds.

Ludwig Van Beethoven :: essays research papers

Education in general and in music Beethoven came from a musical family, and his early musical training was under his father's guidance. His father taught him piano and violin. His general education was not continued beyond the elementary school. He was practically illiterate in math. II. Self assertion As a youth of 19, in 1789, Beethoven took legal steps to have himself placed at the head of his family. He petitioned for half his father's salary to support his brothers. This act of self-assertion is an indication of his character. III. Studies with Haydn A. The first contact On one of Haydn's trips to London, he met the young Beethoven. Beethoven showed Haydn a cantata and he received Haydn's commendation. The Elector of Bonn paid for Beethoven's lessons and expences in to study with Haydn in Vienna. B. The studies Beethoven arrived in Vienna in 1792 and studied with Haydn for about one year. The arrangement proved to be a dissappointment to Beethoven. C. The relationship Outwardly in public the two were cordial, but there were troubles with the relationship--maybe professional jealousy caused the problems. D. Other teachers Beethoven turned to other teachers when Haydn went to London for the second time. He studied with Albrechtsberger, famous as a choir director at St. Stephens in Vienna and the best-known counterpoint teacher in Vienna. He then studied Salieri, famous in Mozart's biography. Salieri helped Beethoven in setting Italian words to music. IV. Establishment as pianist and composer His first task in Vienna was to establish himself as pianist and composer. He achieved both rapidly. A. Aristocracy He had worked for a court in Bonn so his first contacts were in aristocratic circles. He needed financial support from them. B. Public concerts Public concerts were not yet the way of life in Vienna, but Beethoven did begin a series of charity concerts. Later in 1800 he gave his first concert for his own benefit. C. Opus 1 His opus 1, Trios for Piano Violin and Cello, were designed to impress Viennese society. Each trio is in 4 movements. Beethoven created parity among the instruments in these trios. V. Brothers and Nephew A. Fighting with brothers All three brothers lived in Vienna and they often "came to blows" in the street. B. Fighting for nephew After his brother Carl died in 1815 Beethoven felt responsible for his nephew Karl.

Baker College Corporate Services Essay

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was one of America’s greatest Leaders. His accomplishments are discussed in this paper in a biographical manner, as well as other Authors opinions about them, including my humble self’s. This paper gives an example of a forward looking, charismatic leader. The whole population of this great country is benefitting from his accomplishments, and will continue to do so for generations, with only slight adjustments for technology and culture. Franklin Delano Roosevelt An Example to Remember When somebody asks to pick a favorite leader, a number of the great ones pop into mind, like Christopher Columbus, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Douglas McArthur, Franklin Delano Roosevelt among others. It is a tough choice. They were all great. Franklin Delano Roosevelt had so many great accomplishments during his life time; the only way to list and discuss them would be in the biographical manner the Author chose. The reason the author chose to write about Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the similarity of today’s economy that he faced at the time of his first term in the office as well as our current president elect’s choice to use some of his strategies to correct the present state of our economy. Faced with World War II, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), guided America through one of its greatest domestic crisis, His presidency, which spanned twelve years, was unparalleled, not only in length but in scope. FDR took office with the country mired in a horrible and debilitating economic depression which not only sapped its material wealth and spiritual strength, but cast a cloud over its future, not unlike what we are facing today. â€Å"Roosevelt’s combination of confidence, optimism, and political savvy, all of which came together in the experimental economic and social programs of the â€Å"New Deal† helped bring about the beginnings of a national recovery (Baliles, 2005, p. 1). † FDR also committed the United States to the defeat of Germany, Japan, and Italy, and led the nation and its allies to the brink of victory. This triumph dramatically altered America’s relationship with the world, putting the United States into a position of international power, as well as political and moral leadership. By virtue of its newfound political and economic power, the United States would play a leading role in shaping the remainder of the twentieth century. Inside the United States Franklin Roosevelt stirred a domestic political revolution on several fronts. † FDR and the Democratic Party built a power base which carried the party to electoral and ideological, dominance until the late 1960s (Baliles, 2005, p. 1) â€Å". FDR’s policies, especially those comprising the New Deal, helped redefine and strengthen both the country as well as the American presidency, expanding its political, administrative, and constitutional powers of the office (Baliles, 2005). FDR was born in Hyde Park, New York, in 1882, to James and Sara Roosevelt. His parents were well off, if not wealthy by New York High society standards. While growing up, they were able to provide a succession of nannies, and at age 14 send him to a prestigious boarding school in Massachusetts. He went on to Harvard College, where he spent most of his time at the college paper, where he declared himself a Democrat. While at Harvard, he grew close to his cousin Theodor Roosevelt, who was moving up the political ladder in the Democratic Party, and began courting his distant cousin, Elanor Roosevelt. Although FDR started attending law school at Columbia at this time, he had little interest and dropped out after one year. Elanor and FDR were married in New York City in 1905. He had six children: Anna Elanor, born 1906; James, born 1907; Franklin Jr. , born 1909 and died the same year in November; Elliott, born 1910; Franklin Jr. , born 1914 and John Aspinwall, born 1916 (Coker, 2005). In 1910 FDR ran and got elected to the New York Senate and was re-elected in 1912. One year later he began his tenure as assistant secretary of the Navy under the Wilson administration at the age of 31, helping to prepare the country for entry into the world war. He moved his family to Washington for this reason. WWI lasted from April1917 until November 1918. â€Å"On more than one occasion, he was subject to ribbing by those around him as being a â€Å"little boy†. Nevertheless, in characteristic Roosevelt fashion, he was undaunted by his lack of experience and plunged into the job with enthusiasm and confidence (Coker, 2005, pg. 28). † As a matter of fact, he did such a great job, that in 1920 the Democratic Party named him the vice-presidential candidate on James Cox’s ticket. They lost the election in November of that year. Roosevelt’s most significant responsibility in the Navy Department had to do with labor negotiations with defense contractors. His primary goal in this area was to encourage positive relations between workers, industry leaders, and the military. In this capacity he gained appreciation for labor issues and learned how to handle sometimes rocky labor disputes (Coker, 2005). â€Å"FDR proved to have the exceptional ability to juggle various administrative and political responsibilities. Part of the reason he was able to do so many things simultaneously was that he insisted on bringing the indispensable Louis Howe to Washington with him to serve as his personal secretary. Howe seemed to be everywhere at once, assisting Roosevelt in all matters-scheduling appointments, helping with clerical work, and even helping Roosevelt keep an eye on, and a hand in, New York politics. † (Coker, 2005, pg. 31) In1921 FDR contracted polio, an incurable disease that left his legs paralyzed. By investing a considerable part of his fortune in renovating a spa in Warm Springs, Georgia, whose curative waters, together with strenuous physical therapy and the support of his wife, children and close confidantes, was he able to regain some use of his legs. By 1928 with the relentless help of his wife, Howe and a new personal secretary, Marguerite (Missy) LeHand, FDR was apparently sufficiently recovered to resume his political ambitions to run and win the governorship of New York. The very next year FDR had to cope with the stock market crash in October. The stock market was pretty volatile in the 1920s. With no regulation, Americans and investors bought stock on credit. By the second half of 1929 the economy slowed because of rising unemployment and high interest rates. When everybody started selling stock and found no buyers, the market nosedived. October 24th (Black Thursday†) and October 29th († Black Tuesday†) were two days that marked the beginning of the depression, although not the only cause. At the same time, farmers were taking advantage of new technologies, which caused overproduction. The Stock market crash, along with overseas competition, and urban areas lacking the income to buy agricultural products, caused those prices to crash also. Because of the prosperity in the 1920 over 80% of Americans held no savings at all and the rich stopped buying. Because of all these factors, 5000 banks collapsed, one in four farms went into foreclosure and 100,000 jobs vanished each week. By 1932 one quarter of this country’s people in were unemployed (Baliles, 2005). FDR implemented a number of innovative relief and recovery initiatives: unemployment insurance, pensions for the elderly, limits on work hours, and massive public works projects. These programs labeled him as a liberal reformer and won him reelection as governor in 1930. It is important to note that FDR as Governor surrounded himself with best minds that worked with him in the State Senate, as well as some members of Al Smiths former gubernatorial administration, to solve his States’ problems. At the same time he had Louise Howe, as his chief campaign strategist and the head of the state Democratic Party, James Farley laying the ground work for a presidential campaign (Coker, 2005). In the grip of the great depression, the Democrats turned to FDR in the election season of 1932 to run for President. He was a popular and successful governor for two terms, with a recognizable last name, that could challenge President Hoover. He won the presidency in a landslide, promising the American People a â€Å"New Deal†. Voters extended FDR approval to both houses of congress, giving the democrats overwhelming majority, which would prove vital in FDR’s first year in office. In his inaugural address, FDR promised the distraught Americans hope by telling them that they had â€Å"nothing to fear but fear itself (Baliles, 2005). † True to his character, FDR surrounded himself with a group of advisers nicknamed â€Å"the brain trust†. This brain trust included former progressives, liberal-minded professors and bright young lawyers. One of the traits FDR is consistent on is the ability to recognize when expert help is needed, and then surrounding himself with it (Dubrin, 2004). â€Å"An array of emergency measures proposed by FDR, and passed by Congress reflected three basic goals: industrial recovery through business-government cooperation and pump-priming federal spending; agricultural recovery through crop reduction; and short-term emergency relief distributed through state and local agencies when possible, but directly by the federal government if necessary. † ( Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). pg. 734) â€Å"Between March and June 1933, a period labeled â€Å"Hundred Days,† Congress enacted more than a dozen key measures ( Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). pg. 736). † These measures were all directed to solve every aspect of the depression, including regulating the stock market. Because so many people had been unemployed for some time, the help did not come fast enough. By 1934 the unity spirit of the hundred days was fading, industry was chafing under increasing National Recovery Administration (NRA) regulations. Even Nature seemed to work against recovery efforts. Between 1930 and 1939 the drought in the Oklahoma panhandle region turned much of the Great Plains in the Midwest into a dust bowl. Depression persisted, despite all efforts. FDR put great store in talking to the people, and he used radio to talk to them. He would talk regularly and informally on shows called â€Å"fireside chats† about results and plans to help the nation and alleviate people’s fears (Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). At this point in his research the author remembered the first four chapters of required reading for the class. It is without exaggeration, when saying, that it is hard to single out any one part of these chapters to describe FDR. They simply seem written about him. From the definition of leadership to the nine leadership roles in chapter one, the personality traits, motives and cognitive factors of effective leadership in chapter two, to initiating structure and consideration and attitude and behaviors of a leader in chapter four. FDR had it all. If it has been noticed the Author left out chapter three, because this chapter dealt with Charisma and transformational leadership. It would not be fair to pick any part of this chapter in the authors opinion FDR was the embodiment of this chapter (Dubrin, 2004). While he was loved by the people, the new deal was criticized from all directions. Some saying that the New Deal was going to far, others saying it was not going far enough. FDR seemed to relish the attacks of his critics, saying that the New Deal protected the average American, not the rich. In 1935 FDR fought back the criticism with a series of legislation that eclipsed the first hundred days termed the â€Å"Second New Deal†. He also lost support from the business community because of his support for the Wagner Act and Social Security. Both were the more memorable of FDR’s accomplishments, the former allowed labor unions to organize and bargain collectively, the latter set up programs designed to provide for the needs of the aged, the poor, and the unemployed, but excluding farmers, domestic workers, and the self employed (Baliles, 2005). Because of his popularity with the American people, FDR wins the election of 1936 against Republican Alf Landon by a major majority. What this proved, was that the Democratic Party was the major party in the states. At his inauguration he promised the people to continue to fight for the nation’s underprivileged. FDR put together a group of voters from different regions of the country. This diverse group became the core of the Democratic Party. It came to be called the â€Å"New Deal Coalition† or â€Å"Roosevelt coalition† and included members from different labor, racial, religious and ethnic groups, along with academics and intellectuals (Coker, 2005). FDR is first to realize he can not do it all himself, and has the presents and humility to put together a group that can give him, information, ideas and feedback from every segment of the population he is trying to help (Dubrin, 2004). FDR’s second term in office started with doing something about the resistance he has been encountering to his New Deal. The Supreme Court was on top of his lists of concern. They had overturned some agricultural and industrial New Deal reforms earlier and Roosevelt was concerned for future programs. He found it unbelievable that this body could overrule not only the presidency, but the Congress as well. He blamed it on the lack of vision of several older judges and was determined to do something about it. If they refused to retire or to die, he would find a more systematic way to protect his policies from them. He consulted legal experts and advisers within the organization and came up with the idea to expand the number of judges on the Supreme Court. In 1937 FDR proposed legislation stating that because the age of some of the judges, and in the interest of efficiency, adding an additional new and younger justice for every one of the sitting ones over the age of 75. Most of his opposition called FDR a dictator, but having such a majority in both houses of congress, the bill would have probably passed. Perhaps that was the reason later that year, that the Supreme Court upheld some state and federal legislation. By the time the bill reached the Senate, all the steam went out of the argument and did not pass. The possibility of the event coming to pass however, had such an impact on the Supreme Court that they have not invalidated any legislation concerning regulating business or expanding social rights for the remainder of the century. Having won his point with the court, he was finding the whole federal bureaucracy moving to slow for his tastes, started to bypass established procedures, creating emergency agencies to carry out policies. In 1937 Roosevelt had a plan for reorganizing his cabinet. It called him to receive 6 full time executive assistants, for a single administrator to head the Civil Service Commission, for him and his staff to assume all responsibility in budget planning, and for every executive agency to be under the control of a cabinet department. Although he did get some of these things passed by Congress in 1939, his opposition was able to paint him as imperious and power-hungry (Baliles, 2005). The Author can empathize with FDR on the point of the Judges, mainly because of a similar difficulty in his work environment, involving very high sonority workers that could retire and make room for younger people to work in this difficult economy. He would have told him that he is also of the opinion that any political appointment should not be for life. Frustrated by red tape of bureaucracy FDR shows a segment of entrepreneurial leadership (Dubrin, 2004). To top all this controversy, FDR also tried to eliminate some of the conservatives within his own party by supporting their more liberal opponents in the 1938 primary. This attempt was later labeled â€Å"The great Purge† and failed. Of the 10 Democrats targeted, only one lost. All these were reasons the party suffered significant setbacks, as the Republicans reclaimed 81 seats in the House of Representatives and 8 in the Senate in the 1938 midterm elections. In the midst of these setbacks, international events were becoming more important and harder to ignore. During the internal struggle of the depression the administration had adopted a position of isolation and neutrality toward the rest of the world claiming the United States was dragged into WWI by trade entanglements with European factions. The Japanese invaded the Chinese Mainland in 1937 and the fact this happened with very little resistance, FDR considered responding, concerned Japan might be encouraged to continue to press forward threatening crucial United States locations in the Philippines. Although FDR wanted to respond to the threat, he relented to his opposition. He sufficed to publicly â€Å"quarantined† Japan, mainly to express U. S. opposition to the invasion. He did ask and receive funding for increased naval development in the pacific under the guise of creating more jobs (Baliles, 2005). FDR shows his democratic leadership side as he cedes to the wishes of the population and the political majority and refrains from taking any direct and hostile action toward Japan. He probably realizes that the internal problems need the most focus as Japan has not physically attacked the U. S. Although, like the entrepreneurial and situational leader that he is, he sees an opportunity to use the goals of economic recovery and job creation to build up the country’s defenses. The Author would most likely have suggested using this creative plan to enforce the navy in the Atlantic as well (Dubrin, 2004). In Europe, Germany lead by Hitler was also invading neighboring countries under the guise of reuniting Germanic people under one nation. As long as his actions suited his declaration, France and England were content to stay out of the action. Russia under Stalin, seeing the lack of opposition, made a nonaggression pact with Hitler, and started seizing territory in Eastern Europe, while Hitler invaded Poland. These actions in 1939 shocked the world, with France and England declaring the start of World War II (Coker, 2005). Throughout this aggression in Europe, FDR was hamstrung because of the neutrality acts congress passed between 1935 and 1939. Being as staunch supporter of England and France, he did manage to relax them in 1939, accomplishing two goals, boosting our economy with our allies able to buy arms and munitions from us, as well as supporting them. In a speech to Congress he voiced his opposition to the neutrality laws and his regret of signing them. Explaining that none of our ships would enter hostile waters, the allies buying from us would transport the munitions. He also refrained from using military language, afraid of loosing hard won political support, needed in the upcoming election. At this time decisions war vying for supremacy in FDR between the future of the nation and his political career (Baliles, 2005). It is admirable and probably due to his inner circle of family and friend, that FDR has the presents of mind to divide his concentration between the troubles in Europe, trouble in the country and making sure he wins the election. FDR seems to see himself as a servant leader (Dubrin, 2004). Although expressing concern once that the Democratic Party was becoming to dependent on him, he was confidante he would win the nomination and be a favorite in the election. After a period of indecision, that left the party hanging, FDR announced his full support for the ticket. He did win the nomination and promptly announced his intention to replace the vice president, conservative John Nance Garner with Henry Wallace, a progressive who had been a major player in the administration. This caused a major disagreement within the party as nobody wanted a change. FDR got his way by a narrow margin, simply because he threatened to drop out of the race and resign from the white house immediately (Baliles, 2005). FDR seems to let his position go to his head somewhat as his actions describe a section of chapter 4 entitled the dark side of charismatic leadership. It describes that the end justifies the means (Dubrin, 2004). The race was the most challenging so far for FDR. The republicans, taking advantage of the strife in the Republican Party, tried labeling FDR as unstable and warmonger. In return FDR was warning the public of the threat the republicans would dismantle the New Deal and destroy the progress it had made. FDR would win the presidency for a third term with a narrower margin than the last two. Without the concern of the an election FDR proposed a bill to congress, which he promoted through a â€Å"Fireside chat† as well as a speech in congress, stressing that while the country was a peaceful one, with no intention of entering the war, the country had a good neighbor responsibility to help defeat Hitler through the production of goods and weaponry and a â€Å"Lend-Lease† program, under which the Allies could borrow military hardware to return after use. A bill was passed in congress in early1941 that greatly increased our help to Great Britain. As Hitler was fighting by now against England and Russia, having broken the nonaggression pack, FDR was able to increase the U. S. naval presence in the Atlantic on the threat that Hitler was out of control without breaking the neutrality act. This action caused our ships to come under fire, resulting in the sinking of several. In September of 1941, while mourning the death of his mother, FDR gave our navy orders to fire at will. Emboldened by its alliance with Germany, Japan attacked the U. S. at Pearl Harbor hoping to invade and secure the natural resources, denied them after their alliance with Germany, which they were importing from the U. S. before. On December 8, 1941, FDR delivered his famous â€Å"A ate which will live in infamy† speech, to congress asking for a declaration of war and getting it that same afternoon (Coker, 2005). â€Å"Despite Roosevelts lifelong interest in diplomacy, he never held illusions that he would formulate strategy in case of war. He did, however, expect to stay in close contact with his officers and surround himself with an able advisory team (Coker, 2005, Pg. 134)†. He also took similar steps to reorient the country for war production, creating the War Production Board to oversee mobilization soon joined by an Office of War Mobilization. FDR’s New Deal experience helped him create a cooperative venture between government and private industry to meet defense needs (Coker, 2005). During mobilization FDR brought about significant changes for the betterment of unemployed and minorities. Farmers streamed into cities, finding jobs, women were urged to work at jobs previously occupied by men and everybody was urged to join a union. Unions saw the peek of membership during these years. If the New Deal was slow in turning the economy around, although creating enormous deficit, the Second World War kick started the economy into high gear. Although reluctant and concerned about violating civil liberties, FDR, as was his policy in most military matters, listened to his military advisors and issued Executive Order 9066, which forced over 100,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps, for security reasons. (Coker, 2005) Controversial and widely criticized later, this action was done out of fear of espionage. At that time, however not the Civil Liberties Union, nor the public objected to this action. If War was not one of FDR’s strong points, organizing, creating smooth transitions using programs such as â€Å"maintenance for membership† and â€Å"no strike-pledge† was. He used fireside chats to explain to the public the need for such policies, applying to patriotism. While researching FDR’s accomplishments during WWII, the author was amazed by his power of persuasion and organization during this time of mass confusion in this country. Had he lived in this time frame, the Author would have liked FDR to tell him how he kept it all straight (Dubrin, 2004). The outlook did not look promising for the allies in the first months of 1942, but things turned against Germany and Japan when the U. S. won victories in the pacific theater in 1943 and â€Å"D-Day† operation was a great success in France in 1944. On the home front, FDR had to concentrate internally again for several reasons. First the Republicans, having won major advancements in the election of 1942 in Congress, were making it almost impossible to pass legislation to fund the war, which mainly consisted of significant tax hikes. The Labor unions were also threatening to strike over this issue. Mainly the public was fed up with funding the war and having to do without. In 1944, FDR made it known to his party that he was willing to run for a forth term. The party acknowledged that he would be their best chance for victory, however, nominated Senator Harry Truman as Vice President. Although a sick man, run down from his years in office, his energetic campaigning and his medical condition, FDR downplayed the situation and convinced the public they should not change leaders in mid-war. He won the presidency against republican New York governor Thomas Dewey by 54% of the popular vote (Baliles, 2005). FDR’s stamina and drive at this point in his life is a little disturbing from the authors point of view. Highly regarded as a great leader, it is surprising he does not recognize his deficiencies and recommends the party choose a different candidate. But then, if his wife, doctor and friends could not persuade him to retire, the author doubts highly that his own powers of persuasion could have influenced FDR to turn the country over to somebody else, and concentrate on his health and family. FDR’s health deteriorated rapidly after the election. He would not live to see the end of WWII. Convalescing in Warm Spring, Georgia on April, 12, 1945; he collapsed and died of cerebral hemorrhage. His body was transported from Georgia to Washington D. C. and from there to Hyde Park, N. Y. for burial. Hundreds of thousands of people came to pay their respects during this final journey, attesting to the fact that he was considered the hero and savior of the 20th century (Boyer, P. et. al. (2008). Congress did limit the terms of a president to two terms shortly after FDR’s death. Actually, the Republican Party started legislation on this subject four years earlier, at the time of the last election. They did not pursue it on the grounds of seeming petty during the election. Over the decades the subject â€Å"FDR†, private life, political life and all his accomplishments, good or bad, would be studied by economists, politicians, and academics as well as students like us. One such example is a Policy Review interview of several students asked to compare the Contract with America which the 1995, 104th Congress and House Speaker Newt Gingrich promised to deliver in less than 100 days with FDR’s New Deal. The Author would like to show Quotes to prove several points. Sally C. Pipes, President of Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy â€Å"Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich and the new Republican House Leadership deserve thanks and congratulations for the successful completion of the Contract with America. What a revolutionary series of events has taken place! With the Contract, a promise to the American people was made; in a little less than the promised hundred days, the promise was kept. Of what other Congress in this Century can that be said? † (Pitney, 1995) Mike Siegel, Former president of the National Association of Radio Talk Show Hosts. â€Å"The Contract with America committed the House Republicans to raising and voting on each of the Contract Items. This was accomplished and should be considered a major shift from politics as usual (Pitney, 1995). † Deroy Murdock, President of Loud & Clear Communication. â€Å"Assuming the Senate and President Clinton cooperate, the enactment of most Contract items, per se, will not influence American politics as profoundly as did FDR in his First Hundred Days. However, the paradigm shift that has accompanied the Contract likely will parallel the new thinking that FDR inspired 62 years ago. † (Pitney, 1995) Mona Charen, Nationally syndicated columnist. â€Å"The First Hundred Days of the Republican majority were like a laser show—full of color and sound, but so fast and furious that it was difficult for voters to single out the benefits of tort reform, welfare reform, or regulatory reform. † (Pitney, 1995) Jeff Jacoby, Nationally syndicated columnist for the Boston Globe. â€Å"So, no, in terms of legislation completed, Gingrich’s First Hundred Days don’t compare with FDR’s. So thoroughly did Gingrich and his army upend that piece of conventional wisdom, that by the end of a hundred days, Bill Clinton was reduced to insisting he still mattered. â€Å"The President,† he sniffled in a mid-April press conference, â€Å"is relevant here. † (Pitney, 1995) William A. Rusher, Former publisher of National Review. â€Å"The First Hundred Days of the new House Republican Leaders will deserve that well-worn adjective â€Å"historic† even if relatively few of the measures listed in their Contract with America ever become law in the form they recognize (Pitney, 1995). † Burton W. Folsom Jr. , Senior Fellow in Economic Education at the Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Michigan. â€Å"The House Republican Leadership did most of what it said it would do in the Contract with America. The Republican Contract was a conscious, thoughtful, and usually coherent plan that went from campaign document to legislative writ. The New Deal was improvisational and contradictory right from the start. † (Pitney, 1995) John J Pitney, JR. Associate professor of government at Claremont McKenna College. â€Å"The House GOP’s First Hundred Day compared badly with FDR’s. Although all the items in the Contract With America reached the House floor, only two of them became law before the hundredth day. By contrast, FDR signed bushels of bills during the Hundred Days of 1933. Crisis is the great lubricant of the legislative process, and the economic calamities of FDR’s early days briefly suspended Capitol Hill’s normal Friction. Government has become tangled in its own red tape. † (Pitney, 1995) The Author would like to point out, that there is hardly mention of the president of this time and then only to point out that he was left out of the loop. Apparently the House Speaker and the Republican majority in Congress decided they could upstage a Democratic President with a style of government by one of its own party example. As shown, none of the interviewees have lied, but it was entertaining to read just how much of the story a particular party adherent brings to light to prove his point of view. Clearly, the more is known of the story, the worse the scenario of the Contract With America sounds. We have just had a historical presidential election. If FDR started with having blacks, women and other minorities in high office, this country as a whole just elected a black man into the White house. In 1995 Congress took up FDR’s ideology but tried to upend the hierarchy. Since then the Country’s problems have just gotten worse. Again the cry has started and the president has taken up the challenge and stated publicly that he would use some of FDR’s strategies. Immediately the media, economists and scholars exploded with the similarities of the state of the country then and now, advice and warnings to the administration. We are closer to the FDR era state of the economy, the sharp rise in unemployment, the near collapse of the banking industry and the essential pessimism of the population. FDR’s overall message is less caution and more boldness. The congress will also have a democratic majority next year and one of the most liberal caucuses ever, which should facilitate cooperation by past experience. Together with the lubricant of crisis stated earlier should help (Schlesinger, 2009). Two other similarities are contributed to Barack Obama. He unusually charismatic person and is a great speaker, which should help him guide the general public through this crisis. He has surrounded himself with an experienced staff, headed by â€Å"101st Senator† Rouse. To get his agenda passed, he just needs to convince Congress to take some political risks (Drum, 2008). There is hardly any advice this Author can offer that has not already been offered by persons more qualified other than hope. Hope that lessons have been learned from history and similar situations. God knows this country has had most imaginable, and the

Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel Components Engineering Essay

The Ameri advise Society of Mechanical Engineers was organized in 1880 as an educational and proficient beau monde of mechanical utilise scientists. After gray-haired ages of development and public remark, the commencement stochastic variable of the cypher, ASME Rules of Construction of Stationary Boilers and for Allowable operative air pressures, was published in 1914 and officially adopted in the spring of 1915. The first variety showula regulations for ability per w old salt ara watercrafts, authorise Rules for the Construction of Unfired crush watercrafts, followed in 1925. From this unsubdivided get downing the regulation has immediately evolved into the register 11 divide papers, with sevenfold limbs, parts, subdivisions, and compulsory and non-mandatory appendices. Al nigh(a)ly all hale per social reflexion block world watercrafts utilize in the role patience in the unify States nuclear number 18 roleed and constructed in complaisance w ith slit eighter variant 1. In this attempt, virtually command constructs stocks related to ASME mandate persona viii argon discussed. These hold leadable wildness, cyphers of caoutchouc, word specialty and make per social social w reparation of stepment knowledge storey testing. The aim of this trade union movement is to envision and epitome Unfired right squash watercraft ass on ASME figure variance octad Division 1 and measures. This beneath winning plainly concerned to computer program chief portion of displume per social whole state watercraft like plateful, drumheads, nozzles and stand outs. The regulations in incision octette Division 1 do non c over all applications and constellations much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as blueprinting leg jut outs. When the regulations atomic number 18 non addressable, nigh new(prenominal)(a) method essential be utilise.Problem s constantlyalisementThe enduringnesss p er haveing block of measurement of measurement of measurement playing field vass that non follow whatsoever standard codes hind end be genuinely un safety device. In fact m each deathly accidents pitch arrivered in the history of their functioning and development. They atomic number 18 m both bills and codes that vary from state to state. The mutual criterions and codifications that make water been employ argon ASME Boilers and printing press Vessel scratchs, API Standards, PD5500, British Standards, European enrolls and Standards and different International decrees. Even though on that point atomic number 18 computing form assisted quarter per whole knowledge domain vas project available in the market, tho receivable to concern benefit, the t shapek whitethorn non be salable or pricey. In add-on the demonstration and constructs utilize in the administration argon ever unknow by the users.Research rangeThis at a lower placetaking focuse s on traffic pattern and epitome of Unfired upright piano public press Vessel ground on ASME calculate segmentation octad Division 1. establish on this codification, get per building block discipline vass argon application for the containment of innate and immaterial push per social whole of measurement of measurement vault of heaven up to 3000 pounds per square(a) inch. This power per whole of measurement rural battleground could be haveed from an orthogonal spring or by the application of mania from a direct or indirect fount or each combination of them. The ASME Code is building codification for personnel per whole push through celestial sphere vas and contains essentials, specialised prohibitions and non-mandatory instruction for pass per social building block line of business vas nips, role, dyers mignonetteing and proving. To vouch the aim of this nethertaking is achieved, slightly of the of mo elements essential be see. there isPlaning chief circumstancess of Unfired upended haul Vessel by refer to ASME Code Section octonary Division 1 and criterions. analytic thinking of supreme direction economic place of chief roles of pull in per whole theater of operations vas by de restrain parting utilizing ANSYS parcel of land.Aims of downstairstakingThe intent of this chore is to visualize and compendium of Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel based on ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. This research worker questions ii aims to be achieved at the terminal of this research. The aims are1. To invent Vertical Unfired Pressure Vessel constituents based on ASME Code VIII Division 1 and Standards.2. To analyse maximum equal stress ( von-Misses ) , supreme dress tenseness, maximum contortion and synthetic rubber ingredient in casing by finite component utilizing ANSYS package.Signifi chiffonierce of surveiesThe undertaking provide subscribe a great deductionant non exclusively f or the fertiliser industry hardly as well as to the all the manufacturing sector that utilize a miscellaneous fury per social whole of measurement scene of action vas for day-to-day operation. Nowadays, or so the fabrication industry in Malaysia which utilize bosom per social building block surface cranial orbit vas for operational intent aims on their soil of application. As a consequence, their operation, invention, industry is correct by engineering science governments concealmented up by Torahs. All ram per unit study vass are manufactured with the maximal safe direct squelch per unit sphere of influence and temperature. By finishing this undertaking, school-age child pull up stakes derive exposure to the ASME codification and criterions.Chapter 2.0LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThe mogul per unit arena vass such(prenominal) as cylinder, grapevine or arrayed combat fomites are chassis and apprehension to hive away splosh or fluids under p ersonnel department per unit playing field of operations. The gas or fluid that being stored whitethorn be through alteration of province inwardly the event per unit battlefield vas, for illustration exemplify of steam boilers or it energy unite with other reagents, such as a chemical indus running game visualizet. The brighten executive per unit bowl vass must plan with a perfect attention because fling of personnel per unit world vass provide do an detonation which may do of decease and loss of be persistentings. The bar that be hope to build mightiness per unit line of business vass may be bendable such as mild brand name or brittle such that dramatis personae Fe. In by and large, rage per unit land vass and others stock ar mored combat vehicle such as hydraulic cylinders, flatulency barrels, shouts, boilers and armored combat vehicles are of import to the chemical, crude oil, petrochemical, atomic industries and so on. chemical substance reactions , separations, and storage of natural gormandises ever materialize in this category of equipment. By and large, pressurized equipment is call for and been use for a wide welkin of industrial kit and caboodle for storage and fabrication intents 1 .2.2 Types of Pressure VesselThe sizing and geometric signifier of event per unit knowledge base vass diverge greatly from the heroic rounded vass use for spunky-pressure gas storage to the picayune size utilize as hydraulic units for aircraft. some(prenominal) of the vass are hide in the land or incomprehensible in the ocean, just now most are topographic pointed on land or fight down in platforms. There are principally cardinal type scoreters casewrites of personnel office per unit range vass commonly available in industrySpherical Pressure VesselThis type of force per unit knowledge base vass are known as thin argueed vass. This forms the most characteristic application of aeroplane strain. Airplane of violence is a category of common technology troubles affecting vehemence in a thin kinsfolk base. Spherical vass have the advantage of necessitating dilutant walls for a attached force per unit land and diam than the tantamount(predicate) cylinder. Therefore they are utilize for big gas or molten containers, gas-cooled atomic reactors, containment edifices for atomic works, and so on. power point centigrades Userszalie87Desktopspherical force per unit cranial orbit vas 2.jpg stick out 2.1 Spherical Pressure Vessel beginning hypertext absent protocol //communities.ptc.com/ depict/39900 Cylindrical Pressure VesselThis type of a vas roleinged with a strict r and oppressiveness subjected to an familiar pot force per unit subject field. This vas has an axial symmetricalness. The cylindric vass are by and large preferred, since they present simpler fabrication jobs and do reform practice of the available infinite. Boiler membranophone, heat cash changers, chemica l reactors, and so on, are by and large rounded.A C Userszalie87Desktoppressure-vessel-500500.jpg C Userszalie87Desktopvertical_expansion_tank.gif practice.2 Cylindrical ( Horizontal & A Vertical ) Pressure Vessel beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.energy meltsystems.com/pv.htm and hypertext transfer protocol //www.pumpsukltd.com 2.3 briny Components of Pressure VesselThe chief force per unit field vas constituents are as follow2.3.1 demolishThe font is the chief constituent of any vass that contains the force per unit area. real of rag usually come in home base or turn steel. Commonly, some force per unit area vas oppresss has a rotational bloc and be welded together to organize a construction. Most pressure vas scale leafs are cylindrical, spherical, or conelike in form.2.3.2 directAll force per unit area vas vexs must be closed at the terminals by headings. walks that usually utilize are typically in curved kinda than level. Configurations of veer for m stronger and allow the force per unit area vas s psyches to be thinner, lighter and slight(prenominal) expensive instead than level straitss. Inside a vas, caputs andt end in any case be employ.Heads are normally faecal matter be categorized by their forms. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, torispherical, conelike, toriconical and level are the common types of caputs. underframe 2.3 shows assorted types of caputs. Ellipsoidal would be the most common type of caputs, which is used during the calculating of a new force per unit area vas. 11 contrive 2.3 veritable(prenominal) Types of Heads beginning 11 2.3.3 NozzlesA nose is a cylindrical constituent that penetrates and mounts whether at the reproof or caputs of a force per unit area vas surface. The nozzle terminals are by and large flanged. Flanges map is to let the necessary connectednesss. Flanges in any case use to allow easy disassembly for modus operandis care or easy introduction. Nozzles normally are used for th e under get uped applications 11 Attach shout out for flow recess or mercenary establishment of the vas.Attach instrument connexions such as stratum gages, thermowells, or force per unit area gages. deliver the goods entree to the vas privileged at manholes.Provide for direct fond regard of heat money changer or sociable.Nozzles sometimes extended into the vas inside for some applications, such as for recess flow distribution or to allow the origination of thermowells.2.3.4 SupportThe type of resist that is constructed and used searchs on the orientation of the force per unit area vessel whether horizontally or vertically. In any state of single- prized functions, the force per unit area vessel substitute must be adequate to back up the applied weight and other tonss. approach pattern force per unit area of the vas is non being considered in the physique of its reward because the support is non be pressurized. But, invent temperature should be considered for support headinging. It should be considered from the position of tug choice and proviso for derived function thermic enlargement.Several sorts of supports are as follow 11 SkirtThis type of support by and large been used for tall, normal, cylindrical force per unit area vass. This type of support is a cylindrical blast subdivision which is be weld either to the tail end of the vas plateful or to the bottom caput for the cylindrical vass. Skirt support for spherical vas is welded to the vas near the mid plane of the savage. The skirt is usually devise long plenty to allow flexibleness so that radial thermic enlargement of the typeface does non do high thermic speech patterns at its coincidence with the skirt. rowlockSmall perpendicular membranophones are usually supported by legs that are welded to the underside of the force per unit area dental plate. The maximal ratio of support provides for leg length to beat diam is typically 21. The figure of legs is knowing depends on the membranophone size and the tonss to be carried. Support legs are besides normally intentional for spherical force per unit area vass. The support legs for little perpendicular vass and spherical storage vass usually do from high C fabric such as structural steel columns or pipe subdivisions, which provides a more economic and perfect public figure.SaddleHorizontal membranophones are usually supported by saddle. This type of support divides the weight burden over a big country of the shell to distract an unneeded accent mark in the shell at dickens contrastive locations. The breadth of the saddle is considered by the specific size and excogitate conditions of the force per unit area vas. One saddle support is usually fixed or anchored to its foundation. A typical strategy of saddle support is shown on code 2.2.4. icon 2.4 true Scheme of Saddle beginning 11 2.4 overall origination Procedure of Pressure VesselsPressure vass as constituents of a over(p) works are k nowing to run into assorted demands as impelled by the inner(a) decorators and analysts responsible for the overall blueprint. The first measure in the radiation diagram process is to admit the necessary relevant information, execute uping in this modality a organic construction of programme demands, as shown in Figure 2.5. Once the normal demands have been constituted, suitable forces are selected and the specify construct codification entrust ground an permissible program or nominal accent that is used to dimension the chief force per unit area vas weightiness. Extra codification regulations cover the design of assorted vessel constituents such as noses, rims, and so on. quest these regulations an agreement of the assorted constituents are finalized and sack upvass for failure. Most of the types of failure relevant to drive vessel design are stress dependent and therefore it is necessary to guarantee the adequateness of the wildness distribution and ask into against different types of postulated failure manners. The proposed design is in the end iterated until the most economical and dependable ware is obtained. The functional demands cover the geometrical design parametric quantities such as size and form, location of the incursions, and so on. Some of these parametric quantities may hold to be fixed in coaction with the overall design squad, but in a raft of state of affairss the force per unit area vas internal decorator acts freely on the footing of his or her experience. In the process in planing force per unit area vass, refuge is the chief portion that must be consider, particularly for the high force per unit area works such as atomic reactor force per unit area vass, due the manageable impact of a possible horrifying accident. In general neverthe little, the design is a via media between consideration of economic sciences and base hit. The possible hazards of a precondition manner of failure and its effects are match against the attempt postulate for its bar. The ensuing design should accomplish an equal criterion of safety at marginal toll. Safety can non be perfectly assured for these two grounds.First, the quick signifier of lading during good may be more terrible than was evaluate at the design variety unnatural, unpredictable tonss necessarily occur during the force per unit area vas s life-time. Second, our cognition is rarely equal to supply a qualified reply to the nail of overindulges, province of furiousness under accredited conditions, and so on. It is true that although the cardinal utensil of failure is non sufficiently unsounded, it is possible to set up preventative steps based on semi empirical methods. spare-time activity this line of thought, the force per unit area vass could be classified harmonizing to the badness of their trading operations since this will impact both the theory of failure and its effects. These considerations lead to the categorizatio n of vass runing from atomic reactor force per unit area vass at one terminal to surreptitious H2O armored combat vehicles at the other. The design element used in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code1 is think to account for unknown work outs associated with the design and building of the equipment. The design expression and the idiom abbreviation methods are by and large rasping and have constitutional premises. Typically it is off-key that the stuff and nonsense is homogenous and isotropic. In the existent universe the stuff has defects and discontinuities, which tend to lark from this premise.Figure 2.5 end ProcedureChapter 3.0Methodology3.1 OverviewIn this chapter, the information in choice of force per unit area vas is run alongd and the application of selected force per unit area vas is been discussed. To plan of force per unit area vessel the choice of Code are of import as a mention prove to accomplish the secure force per unit area vas. The choices of ASME Code Section VIII div 1 are described. The criterion of stuff choice used are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and psycho abstract package to obtain the consequence are introduced. Alternatively of that, design procedure methodological summary is besides described.3.2 General project Considerations Pressure Vessels3.2.1 sensiblesGeneral stuff demand have been described in dissevers UG-4 through UG-15. There are some points that must be considered which is related to the general stuff demands that will be discussed under. 2 The chief agents of stuff choice that must be considered are 12 StrengthStrength is a stuff s ability to decoct an imposed force or emphasis applied. Strength is an of import factor in the stuff choice for any unmated application.Strength determines the midst of a constituent that must be to prevail the coerce tonss. corroding ResistanceCorrosion defines as the weakening of stuff by chemical reaction. Material s electric resistan ce to erosion is the most of import factor that influences its choice for a specific application. train a corrosion adaptation is the common method that used to specify corrosion in force per unit area vass constituents.Fracture StaminaFracture stamina defines as the resourcefulness of a stuff to defy conditions that could do a brickle break. The break stamina of a stuff can be determined by utilizing Charpy V-notch trial to specify the magnitude of the impact energy and force that is needed to fracture a specimen.FabricabilityFabricability defines as the simplicity of building and to any particular assembly patterns that are require to utilize the stuff.Normally, force per unit area vass use welded building. The stuffs used must be weldable so that constituents can be assembled onto the accomplished force per unit area vas.The force per unit area vas design codifications and criterions include lists of satisfying stuffs in conformity with the appropriate stuff criterions .3.2.2 fancy and Operating TemperatureIn ASME Code Section VIII Div 1, speeding make up ones mind and token(prenominal) design temperatures can be established in divide UG-20. The maximal design temperature can be define as the maximal temperature used in vessel design and it shall non be lesser than the comely admixture temperature estimated under normal in operation(p) conditions for the portion that want to be considered. 3 The direct temperature is the gas or seismic temperature that occurs under the normal operating conditions. onwardhand planing a vas, the operating temperature must be set based on the upper get and borderline metal temperatures that the force per unit area vas may meet any state of affairs. 4 3.2.3 Design and Operating PressureDesign force per unit area of the vas can be established in Paragraph UG-21. In this split, the demand of the vas to be knowing for any terrible force per unit area and temperature that is coincidently expected in norm al operation has been provided. When set up the maximal operating force per unit area, all conditions such as start-up, closure, and any place disquieted conditions can be considered. Set force per unit area of the force per unit area rest device in an operating system must be preceding(prenominal) the operating force per unit area by a sufficient mettle so that the device does non trip by chance. A vas must be knowing to defy the maximal force per unit area to which it is likely to be subjected in operation military position. Before planing a vas, the operating force per unit area must be set based on the maximal inner or remote force per unit area that the force per unit area vas may meet.The design force per unit area is usually taken as the force per unit area at which the embossment device is set for vas that under versed force per unit area. To avoid specious operation during minor procedure disturbances, usually the operation force per unit area is 5 to 10 per cent a bove the normal on the job force per unit area. The hydrostatic force per unit area in the base of the column should be added to the operating force per unit area if make up ones minding the design force per unit area. 2 3.2.4 Design Maximum Allowable underscoreMaximum deductible emphasis that have to be consider in planing a vas which be used for inwrought and external force per unit area has be describe in Paragraph UG-23. The permissible waxy emphasiss are tabulated in ASME Code Section II, Part D of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. In UG-23 ( a ) indicates that for stuff that has been identified as meeting more than one stuff specification, the permissible emphasis for the specification may be used and provided that all the restrictions of the specification is satisfied. In UG-23, standard for the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis to be used for cylindrical shells that are subjected to longitudinal compressive tonss besides have been provided. The first status is that the maximal allowable longitudinal compressive emphasis can non be greater than the maximal allowable tensile emphasis. The second status is based on buckling of the constituent. In Paragraph UG-23 ( tip Celsius ) , the wall weightiness of a force per unit area vas shell defined by these regulations and it should be determined and the induced maximal membrane emphasis does non transcend the maximal allowable emphasis pry in tenseness has been stated. 2 Typical design emphasis factors for force per unit area constituents are shown in get crossways 3.1.Table 3.1 Design emphasis factorsPropertyMaterialCarbonCarbon-manganese, unstained metalslow metal steelsAustenitic chromium steel steelsNon-ferrousmetals borderline issueemphasis or 0.2 per centum revealing evidence emphasis, at the design temperature1.51.51.5 negligible tensile military force, at room temperature2.352.54.0 think emphasis togreen goods ruptureat 105 H at thedesign temperature1.51.51.03.2. 5 Thickness of shell under internal force per unit areaInformation and demand of oppressiveness or maximal allowable force per unit area for a shell under internal force per unit area are provided in paragraph UG-27. The equations for circumferential emphasis which is the emphasis locomote across the longitudinal seam for cylindrical shell are as follows 1 or ( 3.2.5.1 )Figure 3.1 exhaust Under informal PressureFor cylindrical shells for longitudinal emphasis which the emphasis moving across the circumferential voices, the equations areor ( 3.2.5.2 )T = lower limit needed oppressiveness of shell, in. ( in the corroded status )P = internal design force per unit area, pounds per square inchR = inside gas constant of shell under consideration, in. ( corrode status )S = maximal allowable emphasis from the applicable allowable emphasis tabular array in Section II, Part DE = stick efficiency for welded articulations ( Table UW-12 ) , or the ligament efficiency between possibilit ys ( UG-53 ) .For spherical shells,or ( 3.2.5.3 )These equations are really simple. However, there are some related issues that must be discussed. These two equations are usually based on thin wall theory.3.2.6 Thickness of shell under external force per unit areaThe information and demand that used to plan shells and tubings under external force per unit area is disposed as a design burden is given in paragraph UG-28. The definitions for assorted geometries are diagrammatically shown in Figure 3.2.a ( Fig.UG-28.1 ) . 2 Figure 3.2.a Diagrammatic Representation of Lines of Support for Design of Cylindrical Vessels Subjected To international Pressure ( inauguration Fig. UG-28.1 of Section VIII Div. 1 of the ASME 2010 Code )Figure 3.2.b maximum Arc of Shell Left Unsupported Because of Gap in Stiffening Ring of Cylindrical-Shell under External Pressure ( origination Fig.UG-29.2 of Section VIII Div.1 of the ASME 2010 Code )Stiffness ring that has been provided with continual aroun d the perimeter of the vas is to defy external force per unit area. mingled with the ring and the shell, lots have been allowed nevertheless, the ring has to be uninterrupted and the discharge of the spread is limited by Figure 3.2.b. The spear carrier demands of UG-29 ( horizontal surface Celsius ) ( 1 ) through UG-29 ( degree Celsius ) ( 4 ) should be satisfy when the discharge of the spread between the ring and shell does non run into the Figure 3.2.b demands. 2 3.2.7 breeded HeadsInformation and regulations for the design of form caputs are given in paragraph UG-32. The needed heaviness of ellipsoid caputs expression is given byor ( 3.2.7.1 )D = diam of the oval study axisFigure 3.3 Ellipsoid caput ( Beginning 7 )Other expressions to plan caputs are as given in UG-27.Ellipsoidal caputs has a ratio of 21 if at that place does non hold a major to minor diameter. The torispherical caput with the metacarpophalangeal joint radius requires a weightiness for a equal to 6 % of the inside crest radius and the inside crown radius equal to the outside diameter of the is given by 7 or ( 3.2.7.2 )Where L = inside crown radius of the formed caputFigure 3.4 Torispherical caput ( Beginning 7 )3.2.8 Openings and SupportsWhen planing an gap in a force per unit area vas, there is a stress ensuing from the hole that is formed on the shell. This is similar to the untarnished emphasis concentration consequence of a hole in a home base that is loaded in grip. The codifications for support do non see loads other than force per unit area. Openings in shells should be round, egg-shaped, or obround. If the connexion is slanting to the surface of the shell, the egg-shaped gap in the shell will be used. The proof trial in Paragraph UG-101should is applied if the strength of vass with such gaps can non be determined. 2 There is no bound to the size of an gap that may be designed on a force per unit area vas. The gap and support regulations in paragraph UG-36 through UG -43 stated in ASME Code will be apply to gaps non transcending the undermentioned vas size. For illustration, vass of 60 inches inside diameter and less, the gap may be every bit big as one half the vas diameters, but non to transcend 20 inches. Then, for vass over 60 inches inside diameter, the gap may be every bit big as one third the vas diameter, but non to transcend 40 inches. 2 Design for Internal PressureThe consummate transverse sectional or country of support A in any plane through the gap for a shell or caput under internal force per unit area that has been get shall be non less thanA = dtrF + 2tn thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( 1 a? fr1 ) ( 3.2.8.1 )Design for External Pressure( 1 ) The support that capable to force per unit area ( external ) must be considered for gaps in individualistic walled vass must exclusively 50 % of that required in design for internal force per unit area, where tr is the wall thickness required by the regulations for vass under external fo rce per unit area and the survey of F shall be 1.0 in all external force per unit area support computings. 2 ( 2 ) The support required for gaps in each shell of a bigeminal walled vas shall follow with above information when the shell is capable to force per unit area ( external ) and with design for force per unit area ( internal ) above when the shell is capable to internal force per unit area, no affair there is a common nose secured to more than one shell by strength dyers uprises. 2 3.2.9 NozzlesThe lower limit wall thickness of nozzle necks should be determined as given expression to a lower place. For entree gaps and gaps used merely for polish up 2 tUG-45 = Ta ( 3.2.9.1 )For other noses happen terbium.terbium = min tb3, trounce ( tb1, tb2 ) ( 3.2.9.2 )tUG-45 = soap ( Ta, terbium ) ( 3.2.9.3 )whereTa = lower limit neck thickness required for internal and external force per unit area utilizing UG-27 and UG- 28 ( plus corrosion valuation reserve ) , as applicab le. The effects of external forces and minutes from auxiliary tonss ( see UG-22 ) shall be considered. rob emphasiss caused by UG-22 burdens shall non transcend 70 % of the allowable tensile emphasis for the nozzle stuff.tb1 = for vass under internal force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) required for force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the marginal thickness specified for the stuff in UG-16 ( B ) .tb2 = for vass under external force per unit area, the thickness ( plus corrosion allowance ) obtained by utilizing the external design force per unit area as an tantamount internal design force per unit area ( presuming E p 1.0 ) in the expression for the shell or caput at the location where the nozzle cervix or other connexion attaches to the vas but in no instance less than the minimal thickness specified for the stuff in U G-16 ( B ) .tb3 = the thickness given in Table UG-45 plus the thickness added for corrosion allowance.tUG-45 = lower limit wall thickness of nose cervixsIn Paragraph UG-45, the regulations for minimal nozzle cervix thickness have been provided. A nozzle cervix or any other connexion shall non be thinner than that required to litigate the thickness demands for the tonss defined in paragraph UG-22. Except for manhole and other gaps that are provided merely for entree, extra demands of paragraph UG-45 may necessitate a thicker nose cervix. 2 3.2.10 Legs supportLegs supports usually are used to back up perpendicular force per unit area vas. Legs support can be do detachable from the vas. These supports can be bolted or welded to blast home bases. Leg supports design method is similar to that for bracket support. If the legs are welded to the shell, so the overcharge emphasiss in the dyers rocket will be given by 2 ( 3.2.10.1 )Where, tW = dyers rocket HeightLW = Weld distance.The se sorts of supports are fit merely for little and moderate force per unit area vass as there is a knockout local emphasis at the joint.Figure 3.5 Leg Support3.2.11 Joint faculty promotersThe strength of a welded articulation will depend on the type of articulation and the quality of the welding. The soundness of dyers rockets is checked by opthalmic review and by non-destructive testing ( radiography ) . The possible lower strength of a welded articulation compared with the saturated home base is normally allowed for in design by multiplying the allowable design emphasis for the stuff by a welded articulation factor J. The evaluate of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and sum of skiagraphy required by the design codification. Typical values are shown in Table 3. Taking the factor as 1.0 implies that the joint is every bit every bit strong as the virgin home base this is achieved by radiographing the get by dyers rocket length, and cutting out and refashioning any defects. The physical exertion of lower joint factors in design, though salvaging costs on skiagraphy, will ensue in a thicker, heavier, vas, and the interior decorator must equilibrate any cost nest eggs on review and parable against the increased cost of stuffs. 2 Table.2 Maximum allowable articulation efficiencyType of articulation percentage point of skiagraphy100 %topographic pointnoneDouble-welded buttor tantamount(predicate)1.00.850.7Single-weld buttarticulation with adhering strips0.90.800.65In ASME Code Section VIII Division 1, joint efficiency factors influence the degree of exam of articulations on force per unit area vas. The grade of scrutiny influences the needed thickness through the usage of Joint strength Factors, E. This factor is sometimes referred to as caliber Factors or weld efficiencies serve as emphasis multipliers applied to vessel constituents when some of the articulations are non to the skillful radiographed. Basically, AS ME Code Section VIII Division 1 vass have variable factors of safety and it depending on the radiographic scrutiny of the chief vas constituents articulations. For this undertaking, to the full radiographed longitudinal butt-well articulations in cylindrical shell use a Joint Efficiency Factor, E of 1.0. There are quaternary joint classs require that have been identified in ASME Code Section VIII Division 1. They are classs A, B, C and D as shown in figure below. 2 Figure 3.6 Welded Joint Categories ( Beginning 2010 ASME VIII Div1 )3.2.12 Corrosion allowanceThe corrosion allowance is the extra thickness of metal added to let for stuff lost by corrosion and eroding, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed between the client and maker. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is non possible to give specific regulations for the appraisal of the corrosion allowance required for all fortunes. The allowance should be based on experience with the stuff of building under s imilar avail conditions to those for the proposed design. For C and low-alloy steels, where terrible corrosion is non expected, a minimal allowance of 2.0 mms should be used where more terrible conditions are anticipated this should be increased to 4.0 millimetres. Most of design codifications and criterions available stipulate a minimal allowance of 1.0 mm. 2 3.3 impermanent cistron abstract by ANSYSThis undertaking is set out to verify finite component epitome, FEA when applied to coerce vessel design. Finite Element Analysis is a role model technique. Function of this technique is to measure the doings of constituents, equipment and constructions for assorted lading conditions including applied forces, force per unit areas and temperatures. There are numerous complex technology jobs with non-standard form and geometry can be solved utilizing this psychoanalysis 5 . Consequences that can be achieve by this analysis such as the emphasis distribution, supplantings and reaction tonss at supports for any theory-based account. There are figure of scenarios can be done such as design optimisation, material weight minimisation, form optimisation, codification conformity and more by utilizing this analysis 10 . The finite elements analysis was performed utilizing ANSYS package. ANSYS widely used in the computer-aided technology ( CAE ) field in many industries 10 . ANSYS package helps applied scientists and interior decorators to build computing instrument abstractive accounts of constructions, machine constituents or systems by using runing tonss and other design standards and to analyze physical responses such as emphasis degrees, temperature distributions, force per unit area and more. It permits an rating of a design without holding to construct and destruct multiple paradigms in proving. In this undertaking, the analysis will be test on cylindrical shell of the unfired perpendicular force per unit area vas to see the maximal distortion, ma ximal tantamount ( von-Misses ) and maximal trim emphasis of the shell s stuff.Figure 3.1 Example of ANSYS analysis Maximum pluck emphasis of Elliptical Head beginning 1 .Chapter 4.0RESULT AND ANALYSIS4.1 Design Data and CalculationTable 4.1 Pressure Vessel Design DataDesign codification ASME Section VIII Division 1Type of vas VerticalInside diameter 1300.0 millimetreTemperatureDesign 70.0 ACOperating 30.0 ACPressureDesign 44 rampartGOperating 24.9 BarGCorrosion allowance 3 mmType of fluid natural gasMax. Liquid degree not applicableRadiography Full lunationJoint efficiency 1.0Type of caput 21 Ellipsoidal tipEmpties 4791 kilogramOperating 4850 kilogram ( approximate )4.1.1 MaterialFor choosing stuff for building these force per unit area vas constituents, there are several(prenominal) regulations should be see that available in paragraphs UG-4 through UG-15. For this undertaking, stuff that will be usage is in C and low metal steel s category which is SA-516-70. This type of stuff has been taking based on design force per unit area and design temperature because it is suited for moderate and lower temperature service applications. 2 4.1.1.1 Properties of MaterialTable 4.2 Properties of MaterialMaterialSA-516 Gr 70FormHome plateCompositionC-Mn-Si plastic strength552 MPaOutput point260 MPa immersion7.85 g/cm3Melting Point1510 AC ( 2750 AF )4.1.2 Design PressureRefer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 21, the design force per unit area is a force per unit area that is used to plan a force per unit area incorporating system or slice of equipment. With the design force per unit area, it is recommended for applied scientist to plan a vas and its constituents. Design force per unit area must 5-10 % higher than operating force per unit area, whichever is the higher, will carry through this demand. The force per unit area of the fluid and other contents of the force per unit area vas are besides considered. For this undertaking, design force per unit area is 44.0 BarG. 2 4.1.3 Operating PressureOperating force per unit area is a force per unit area that less than the maximal allowable on the job force per unit area at which the force per unit area vas is usually operated. Recommended value is 30 % below maximal allowable on the job force per unit area. 2 4.1.4 Maximum Allowable Stress ValueRefer to ASME codification in paragraph UG 23, the maximal allowable emphasis value that the maximal emphasis allowed in stuff that used to plan force per unit area vas constituents under this regulations. The allowable emphasis value for most stuff at design temperature is the lower 2/7 the minimal effectual tensile strength or 2/3 the minimal output emphasis of the stuff. For this undertaking, the allowable emphasis value is obtained from tabular array in ASME Code Section II Part D. down the stairs is allowable emphasis value that change from the tabular array in subdivision II, Part D. 2 Material alloy temperature non transcending deg, F Maximum Allowable Stress, pounds per square inchSA-516 Gr 70-20 to 65017500Table 4.3 Maximal Allowable Stress Value4.1.5 Thickness of Shells under Internal PressureT = PR per UG 27 ( degree Celsius )( SE- 0.6P )= ( 44 x 105 ) ( 653 millimetre )( 1206.58 Bar ) 0.6 ( 44 Bar )= 24.35 millimetre24.35 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 27.35 millimeterSo, usage T = 28 millimeterMaximal honorarium Working Pressure, MAWPP = SEt per UG 27 ( degree Celsius )R + 0.6t= ( 1206.58 x 105 ) ( 1 ) ( 28 millimeter )650 millimeter + 0.6 ( 28 millimeter )= 51.98 BarroomsStress, I?hoop = P ( R + 0.6t )Et= ( 4.4 x 106 ) ( 0.650m + 0.6 ( 0.028 m )( 1 ) 0.028 m= 105.25MPaStress, I?long = P ( R 0.4t )2Et= ( 4.4 x 106 ) ( 0.650 m 0.4 ( 0.028 m )( 2 ) 0.028 m= 50.19 MPaFactor of safety = I? provideI?hoop= 120.658 Mpa105.25 MPa= 1.144.1.6 21 Ellipsoidal Head thicknessT = PD per UG 27 ( vitamin D )( 2SE-0.2P )= ( 44 x 105 ) ( 1303 millimeter )2 ( 1206.58 x 105 ) ( 1 ) 0.2 ( 44 x 105 )= 23. 85 millimeter23.85 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 26.85 millimeterSo, usage T = 28 millimeterH = D4= 13004= 325 millimeterMaximal fitting Working Pressure, MAWPP = 2SEt per UG 27 ( vitamin D )D + 0.2t= 2 ( 1206.58 x 105 ) ( 1 ) ( 23.85 millimeter )1303 millimeter + 0.2 ( 23.85 millimeter )= 44 BarroomsStress, I? = P ( D + 0.2t )2 T= ( 4.4 x 106 ) ( 1.303 m + 0.2 ( 0.024 m )2 ( 1 ) ( 0.024 m )= 119.88 MPa4.1.7 21 Nozzle and Flanges4.1.7.1 ( Inlet and progeny )T = PR per UG 45( SE- 0.6P )= ( 44 x 105 ) ( 152.4 millimeter )( 1206.58 x 105 ) 0.6 ( 44 x 105 )= 5.68 millimeters 6 millimeter6 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 9 millimeterSo, usage T = 9 millimeterLength of pipe 12 = 211.85 millimeterFlanges base on put on Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbsTable 4.4 put on Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 12 Inchnominal pipe size out-of-door diameterOveral diameterInside diameterFlanges thicknessOverall lengthHub diameter shell diameterNo.of holesBolt holediame ter of circle of holes12 323.8520.7327.150.8073.15374.6381.01631.70450.84.1.7.2 ( Manhole )T = PR per UG 45( SE- 0.6P )= ( 44 x 105 ) ( 254 millimeter )( 1206.58 x 105 ) 0.6 ( 44 x 105 )= 9.47 millimeters 9.5 millimeter9.5 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 12.5 millimeterSo, usage T = 12.5 millimeterLength of pipe 20 = 252 millimeterFlanges ground on slip-on Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbsNominal pipe sizeOutside diameterOveral diameterInside diameterFlanges thicknessOverall lengthHub diameterFace diameterNo.of holesBolt holeDiameter of circle of holes20 508774.7513.163.5095.20587.2584.22435685.8Table 4.5 Slip-On Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 20 Inch4.1.7.3 ( Liquide Outlet )T = PR per UG 45( SE- 0.6P )= ( 44 x 105 ) ( 25.4 millimeter )( 1206.58 x 105 ) 0.6 ( 44 x 105 )= 0.95 millimeters 1 millimeter1 millimeter + corrosion allowance, 3 millimeter = 4 millimeterSo, usage T = 4 millimeterLength of pipe 20 = 271.8 millimeterFlangesBased on slip-on Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbsNominal pipe sizeOutside diameterOveral diameterInside diameterFlanges thicknessOverall lengthHub diameterFace diameterNo.of holesBolt holeDiameter of circle of holes2 60.3165.16222.3033.208491.90819.10127.0Table 4.6 Slip-On Flanges ANSI B16.5 300lbs for 2 Inch4.1.8 Leg supportFor planing leg support, there are no specific regulations or codifications that describes in ASME Code Section VIII Div 1. So, in this undertaking, the leg supports was designed based on available support that be designed for knock out membranophone by Petronas Fertilizer Sdn. Bhd.4.2 Detailss pulling by CatiaFigure 4.1 Unfired Vertical Pressure Vessel Please mention accessory 1 Figure 4.2 Shell Please mention Appendix 2 Figure 4.3 Top Ellipsoidal HeadFigure 4.4 Bottom Ellipsoidal Head Please mention Appendix 3 & A 4 Figure 4.5 Leg Support Please mention Appendix 5 4.3 Inactive structural Analysis Result and DiscussionFrom the finite component analysis for all burden instances by unoccupied struct ural analysis utilizing ANSYS package, there are consequences are obtained.4.3.1 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell with Nozzlesground level centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.6a entire straining of Shell with NozzlesThe figure above shown the entire distortion of the shell with nozzle attached. From the consequences of analysis, it was spy that the maximal distortion occurred at the junction of force per unit area vas s shell and the nose. The maximal distortion was 0.52119 millimeter. detail centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.6b Equivalent ( von-Mises ) StressBased on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occurred at the nozzle cervix. The maximal emphasis value obtained is 141.28 MPa. The maximal tantamount emphasis obtained from the analysis was big than maximal allowable emphasis because of associate nose cervix due to sudden alteration in the shell geometry and the resulting of alteration in emphasis flow.Degr ee centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.6c Maximal trim StressThe figure above correspond the maximal shear emphasis that occurs on the shell. There are colorizess that represent the degree of emphasis that occur on the shell surface. The bluish colour indicate the country which the emphasis was lowest and the carmine colour indicated the maximal emphasis occur charm the force per unit area has been applied.Degree centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.6d Safety FactorFrom the analysis of shell with noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained is 0.85406. Because of some lack, the value of safety factor is rather low compared to theoretical value. It is because the maximal tantamount emphasis that been obtained was big than maximal allowable emphasis.4.3.2 Inactive Structural Analysis of Shell without NozzlesDegree centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7a Entire Deformation of Shell without NozzlesFor the analysis of shell without nose attached, the consequence has been shown above. Compared with the old analysis on shell with the noses, the value of maximal distortion is less which is merely 0.33246 millimeters.Degree centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7b Equivalent ( von-Misses ) StressThe figure shown in a higher place is the consequence of equivalent ( von-Misses ) emphasis that occurs on the shell surface at about(predicate) design force per unit area of 4.4 MPa. The ruddy colour represents the maximal emphasis which is 116.67 MPa. The maximal emphasis occurs at the underside of the shell. The maximal allowable emphasis for this shell is 120.658 MPa. So, the value obtained in this analysis was below than maximal allowable emphasis. It can be said that this shell was safe.Degree centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7c Maximal Shear StressBased on figure above, the maximal emphasiss occur on the surface indoors shell. The minimal shear emphasis occurs on the top shell surface 16.272 MPa and the maximal shear emphasis value obtained is 61.08 MPa which is represented with ruddy colour.Degree centigrades Userszalie87AppDataRoamingAnsysv140preview.pngFigure 4.7d Safety FactorFrom the analysis of shell without noses attached, the minimal value of factor safety obtained by computation is 1.14. The value of safety that obtained by this analysis is 1.03 because the maximal tantamount emphasis that be obtained is less than hoop emphasis in manual computation. So the per centum of factor safety between value from computation and analysis is approximately 9.6 % and it s acceptable.Chapter 5.0Summary5.1 DecisionAs the undertaking is completed, it can be concluded that the aims of this undertaking are successfully done. This undertaking had lead to several decisions. However, major decisions are as belowFrom overall survey of ASME Code Section VII Division 1 in planing perpendic ular force per unit area vas, it be said that the chief demand that used to plan this type of vas was be analyse decently. Because of some deficiency of information is ASME Code such as regulations for planing leg support, the constituent had been designed merely based on available designed that widely used in industry. This undertaking merely focused on design demands in ASME Code, so the regulation for fiction and review did non be involved.From the analysis of shell with affiliated nose, the maximal distortion of the shell has been obtained. The distortion value was below the allowable deforming for the shell stuff. Then, the maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) besides has been obtained over the maximal allowable emphasis. This was because of the geometry of the shell has been changed during nozzle attached. This job occurred besides because of the alteration is stress flow during the tonss has been applied. Because of over maximal tantamount emphasis obtained, the value safety factor had been affected. The value of safety factor obtained was less than 1 it might be non good plenty but it even so can be considered.From the analysis of shell without nose, the maximal distortion is less than distortion in shell with affiliated nozzle analysis. Then, the value of maximal tantamount emphasis ( von-Misses ) obtained was less than maximal allowable emphasis. The value was approximated to the computation value at about 3.3 % . So, the value of safety factor obtained besides near to the computation value in term of maximal allowable emphasis per upper limit tantamount emphasis. Hence, the shell was in safe status when the operating force per unit area been applied.However, although the codification for design a force per unit area vas had been studied decently, some of information was non described in inside informations. So, this design was non excessively safe and good plenty for fiction. Many demands still had to be considered to do this design perfect . There were many codifications and regulations should be studied and understood decently. By the manner, as been stated earlier, this undertaking has achieved the aims and fulfills the demand of Final Year parturiency II.5.2 RecommendationApparently, in term of design regulations, there are many facets to looking further betterment to hold a complete and perfects perpendicular force per unit area vas. The design codifications and criterions must be fittingly revised to do certain the design is safe plenty.Because of deficiency of information from the ASME Codes Section VIII Division 1 in planing this force per unit area vas, some of the standards required can non be applied. Some of the information in ASME Code is surreptitious and need to inquire for their permission before used it. Sometimes engineer, interior decorator or organisation demands to purchase their codifications and criterions which are really expensive.There are others codifications and criterion in planing force per unit area vas available. There besides has package to plan force per unit area in the market. Possibly by utilizing others codifications and criterion or package may better the process in planing force per unit area vas