Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with significant Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Situated in the northwestern Altai Mountains about 6 km from the town of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, starting ~200,000 years back. In particular, the cavern is the place the main proof was found of Denisovans, a recently recognized types of individual. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First area where new primate species Denisovan was recognized, detailed in 2011Human occupations incorporate Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are like that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date somewhere in the range of 200,000 and 50,000 years back The cavern, framed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters over the correct bank of the Anui River close to its headwaters. It comprises of a few short displays stretching out from a focal chamber, with an absolute cavern zone of somewhere in the range of 270 sq. m. The focal chamber estimates 9x11 meters, with a high angled roof. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Unearthings in the focal chamber at Denisova have uncovered 13 Pleistocene occupations somewhere in the range of 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The ordered dates are overall radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on silt, except for Strata 9 and 11, which have a bunch of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the most reduced are viewed as impossible, likely just in the scope of 125,000 years prior. Layer 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Atmosphere information got from palynology (dust) and faunal taxa (creature bone) recommends that the most seasoned occupations were situated in birch and pine backwoods, with some huge treeless regions in higher heights. The accompanying time frames changed impressively, however the coldest temperatures happened not long before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years back, when a steppe situation was built up. Hominins Primate stays recuperated from the cavern incorporate four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, spoke to by a section of a long bone, that hereditary examinations demonstrate was the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was at any rate 13 years of age at death: and her hereditary cosmetics shows that her dad, as well, was the aftereffect of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The most punctual Denisovan in the cavern lived between 122.7â€194.4 thousand years prior (kya); another lived somewhere in the range of 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived somewhere in the range of 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived somewhere in the range of 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal kid lived somewhere in the range of 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The latest date isn't that unique in relation to the close by Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45â€48 kya, leaving the likelihood that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic In spite of the fact that the site is generally stratigraphically very unblemished, tragically, a significant brokenness isolates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is altogether upset, making it hard to safely isolate the dates of the curios in them. Denisova is the sort site for what Russian archeologists have called the Denisova variation of Altai Mousterian, having a place with the Initial Upper Paleolithic time frame. Stone instruments in this innovation display utilization of the equal decrease technique for centers, huge quantities of laminar spaces and devices formed on enormous sharp edges. Spiral and equal centers, constrained quantities of genuine sharp edges and an assorted arrangement of ​racloirs are additionally distinguished in the stone apparatus gatherings. A few noteworthy workmanship objects have been recuperated inside the Altai Mousterian layers of the cavern, including beautiful objects of bone, mammoth tusk, creature teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two parts of a stone arm band made of drilledâ worked and cleaned dull green chloritolite was found in these UP levels at Denisova. A lot of bone devices incorporating little needles with bored eyes, bits and pendants, and an assortment of barrel shaped bone globules has additionally been found in the Upper Paleolithic stores. Denisova contains the most punctual proof of looked at needle make in Siberia. Denisova and Archeology Denisova Cave was found longer than a century back, yet its Pleistocene stores were not perceived until 1977. From that point forward, broad unearthings by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and close by destinations of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded extensive proof about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Chosen Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Paleolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640â€44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894â€97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marã ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josã © Marã ­a Bermã ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Diary of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251â€55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Prehistoric studies, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129â€38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Hereditary History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053â€60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113â€16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fou rth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Marketing †Positioning a New Product Free Essays

string(60) planned enhancement customary sites not supplant them. Showcasing | Positioning a Radically New Product ForceX, Inc. has plans to make another Situational Awareness (SA) item that is focused towards Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA). This new item is a reasonable takeoff from the ordinary Mission Execution items that ForceX, Inc. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting †Positioning a New Product or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now has created before. Strategic programming applications ordinarily envelop Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and Target Tracking and Locating (TTL) programming items that take crucial information and give the administrators the utilitarian abilities to utilize the arranging information in the execution of their allocated mission(s). ForceX, Inc. is endeavoring to broaden its client base by moving into this market just as accomplishing their key vision of turning into the pioneer in giving SA programming arrangements. Target Market The objective market for this item in Federal, State, and Local LEA that lead crisis reaction activities in help policing activities or cataclysmic events. The clients in this market have ISR and TTL programming and gear gave by different sellers. In all cases the product applications gave by contenders fall into just one of the two classifications. None of the sellers in this market give an answer that consolidates the two strategic activities of ISR and TTL into one application that gives a situational attention to administrators leading both ground and airborne tasks. The all out picture empowers law implementation staff to lead the entirety of their strategic activities from a solitary â€Å"common picture†. It is basic for law implementation faculty to have an away from of the circumstance as they build up their strategies for killing the circumstance. In contrast to the Department of Defense (DoD), LEA have an increasingly rigid arrangement of rules for the utilization of savage power during fierce circumstances, to forestall inadvertent blow-back and potential claims. The more data that is scattered to the owest levels of operational faculty the better that opportunity of mission accomplishment with least or no blow-back. This new item mitigates the requirement for two separate applications and consolidates the ISR and TTL tasks into one programming bundle that will decrease costs. Cost decrease will be knowledgeable about a few regions, for example, programming, preparing, documentation, and so forth. It will likewise empower the admin istrators to effectively finish their missions. LEA have constrained spending plans and assets and ForceX, Inc. a position the new item at an expense far not exactly the competitor’s item contributions while understanding the two most noteworthy necessities with one programming application. Rivalry An investigation of the opposition in the market shows that the contenders are fit for filling the airborne ISR necessities of the law authorization showcase. Their innovation is state-of-the-art and now and again is forefront. In any case, there is an unmistakable absence of the ability to give and circulate a situational mindfulness â€Å"common picture† to all components taking an interest in the activity. Rivalry in this market is furious and current clients will be unable to change to ForceX, Inc. ’s application except if the expense is low and the useful abilities are high. There are no rivals in the market that serve both the DoD and LEA. The entirety of the contenders just give ISR applications and most don't appropriate the information to ground clients. ForceX, Inc. ’s item gives a solitary programming application that permits the ISR stage to disseminate ongoing situational mindfulness information all components of the activity being led. Situating Strategy ForceX, Inc. s not the principal item to be offered in this market and thusly would be viewed as a market devotee or a market challenger. It would not be in the company’s wellbeing to clash for showcase initiative. ForceX, Inc. will improve by utilizing a technique that abuses the shortcomings of those right now in the market. Utilizing its notoriety in the DoD showcase the organization can make a pictur e that depicts the prevalent properties of its product application and how the product has been battle tried and battle demonstrated. None of different rivals in this market can make this case. The Role of Social Media Using online networking for ForceX, Inc. would not be a suitable arrangement dependent on its present client base of DoD and Department of Homeland Security clients. ForceX, Inc. ’s clients and their related strategic activities are now and again â€Å"Top Secret† and data posted via web-based networking media locales would need to be examined by the ForceX, Inc. ’s Security Officer to guarantee that no characterized data is being posted. The utilization of online networking locales are disheartened by the Defense Security Service for people having an exceptional status. It is their conflict that what is by all accounts innocuous information set on an internet based life locales can be gathered and sort out to increase touchy or characterized data. This equivalent saying remains constant for partnerships and its representatives. There is another part of Social Media that ForceX, Inc. can exploit and that is drawing in new ability to come to work at ForceX, Inc. The web based life that does this best is LinkedIn due to its connect to experts everything being equal and all degrees of capacity. ForceX, Inc. necessities to exploit this sort of online life to post employments, draw in new ability, and fabricate their image. Be that as it may, when ForceX, Inc. chooses to dispatch its business product offering web based life would furnish their business items with the introduction they should be effective. On the off chance that ForceX, Inc. chooses to utilize online life as a major aspect of their showcasing methodology, we would suggest that they either recruit an expert to be on staff or endow their web based life attempts to a counseling firm that is a specialist in the field of web based life advertising. Web based life is a moderately new instrument in a company’s promoting apparatus chest and is rapidly turning into a significant piece of a company’s methodology for building up its customer base. Before online life conventional sites were the pillar for advanced advertising endeavors. Internet based life was structured enhancement customary sites not supplant them. You read Showcasing †Positioning a New Product in class Paper models It is a minimal effort vigorous and responsive intends to market to clients. To increase a superior planned of the job web-based social networking is playing in the commercial center consider the accompanying realities extricated from â€Å"2012 Social Media Marketing Industry Report†: * â€Å"94% of all organizations with a showcasing division utilized online life as a component of their advertising stage. * â€Å"Almost 60% of advertisers are committing what might be compared to a full work day to web based life promoting advancement and upkeep. † * â€Å"43% of individuals matured 20-29 go through over 10 hours every week via web-based networking media destinations. † * â€Å"85% of all organizations that have a comm itted web based life stage as a component of their advertising methodology announced an expansion in their market introduction. † * â€Å"58% of organizations that have utilized web based life advertising for more than 3 years announced an expansion in deals over that period. † It makes sense that organizations can no longer keep away from not have a nearness in the web based life domain. There are a bunch of informal communication locales however our examination has discovered that there are four top destinations that an organization ought to consider building up a nearness in, in the event that they decide to showcase in this domain: * Facebook †the procedure in this internet based life is make a page for the partnership. A few specialists consider this as a â€Å"interactive business index listing†, which Facebook clients can follow. On this page the partnership can diagram the items and administrations the organization offers, post bargains on their items and administrations, dispatch new items and administrations, and manufacture the corporation’s brand. Twitter †the procedure in this online life is utilize the 140 character â€Å"tweets† to showcase the corporation’s items, item and administrations news discharges, illuminate devotees regarding uncommon item and administrations offers, and tell supporters of new webpage cont ent. Twitter likewise furnishes clients with the capacity to look for data on a specific theme utilizing hashtags. Hashtags permit the enterprise to coordinate individual â€Å"tweeters† to explicit ideas or data in their business tweets. Google+ †the system in this web based life is utilize the â€Å"Promote† choice that permits companies to make various groupings of devotees that can be each showcased to in an unexpected way. The enterprise ought to likewise exploit the â€Å"Measure† highlight that permits the company to monitor how their Google+ page is being utilized. * LinkedIn †ForceX, Inc. ’s system in this online life is build up a system of experts and construct brand mindfulness. LinkedIn permits you to build up your organization delegates as industry specialists and to interface with possibilities, merchant accomplices, and companions. LinkedIn likewise gives organizations the capacity to post employments and quest for ability. Showcasing is an instrument partnerships can use to illuminate customers about their items and administrations, who ForceX, Inc. is, and what they offer. Web based life achieves this for ForceX, Inc. as follows: * Social media can give a character to who the organization is and the items or administrations that they offer. * Corporations can make connections utilizing online life with individuals who may not in any case think about the compan

Recognizing the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction

Recognizing the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Recognize the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 Marijuana use can be addictive. Jamie Grill/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Marijuana (cannabis) addiction is a pattern of marijuana use characterized by many of the typical signs and symptoms of drug addiction. The technical name for marijuana is Cannabis Use Disorder, and it is included in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,  Fifth Edition (DSM-5).?? You might hear it called cannabis or marijuana dependence, cannabis or marijuana abuse, or cannabis or marijuana misuse. These terms are now considered disrespectful to people who use substances, so have fallen out of favor, even in the medical profession, although of course, it is taking time for some people to catch up, especially those who have been working in the field for a long time and using this language. If you use marijuana, you may be wondering if youve become addicted to it. If so, heres something that may come as a surprise: Youve reached an important milestone on the road to changing your habits related to the drug. Why is that? Because, as with other types of addiction, denial is common among people who use marijuana.?? Sometimes it is lack of awareness, and sometimes it is a refusal to accept reality, but people who use marijuana hardly ever admit to being addicted to it. In fact, many marijuana users strongly deny that its even possible to be addicted to marijuana. So if you are questioning whether it is possible to be addicted to marijuana, you are ahead of those who dont even consider the possibility. Symptoms According to the DSM-5, the presence of at least two of the following symptoms, occurring within a period of 12 months, indicates you may be using marijuana in a way that might cause you problems.:?? Using it in larger amounts and over a longer period than you intendedThinking a lot about cutting back or stopping your marijuana use, without successSpending a lot of time seeking and using the drug and recovering from its effectsCraving (strongly desiring to use) marijuanaUsing the drug so often, or getting so intoxicated by it, that you cant get important things doneContinuing to use it even when its causing social or relationship problems for you, and/or even when youve developed a physical or psychological problem related to using itGiving up or doing less of activities you used to enjoy because youd rather use marijuanaUsing it in situations that could be hazardous or even dangerousDeveloping a tolerance for it â€" needing more and more of it to achieve the same effectsExperiencing withdrawal symptoms when you run out of or dont have access to marijuana What If You Think You May Be Addicted to Marijuana? First, take a good, clear look at the way youre living. How closely does your life fit with the addiction symptoms listed above? Remember, youre already past the denial stage, where many marijuana users get stuck and are unable to take back control of their lives. And youve read this article to this point, which suggests youre serious about getting help to curb or stop your marijuana use. If you think  youve crossed from casual or recreational marijuana use to marijuana addiction, seek help as soon as possible.  This is particularly important if youve experienced certain negative effects of marijuana, particularly:  ?? Extreme changes in mood, outlook, and/or the way you interpret things going on around youChanges in your self-image and/or the way you think about yourself or other people, especially if you start thinking that others are watching you, following you, or plotting against you Although these effects can be temporary, marijuana use has been linked to a very serious type of mental health problem called psychosis.?? Psychosis is treatable, but it is important to get treatment as soon as possible. Younger people in their teens and early twenties are particularly vulnerable to developing psychosis after using drugs, including marijuana. If you dont want your parents to know, go to the doctor on your own or with a friend, or find a youth clinic to help you. Despite what you may have heard, marijuana is not a harmless drug. In addition to keeping you from fully experiencing your life, it can be a trigger for mental illness. Getting help for marijuana addiction right away increases the likelihood that treatment will be effective and permanent.

What Defines Us as Americans - 894 Words

Anthony Smith Mrs. Williams U.S History March 16, 2012 What Defines Us as Americans Over the years there have been many events that have taken place. These events not only affected the people and the world of the present at that time, but also the future and even the way things are today. Knowing this we must ask ourselves what defines us as Americans? There are series of events that all together add up to define us as Americans such as, the Constitution, Westward Expansion, and the Civil War and Reconstruction. What do you think defines us as Americans? The Constitution states â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common†¦show more content†¦When the U.S admitted Texas to the union the Mexican War was started and upon victory the U.S gained control of Texas, New Mexico, California and the entire western land to the Pacific Ocean after Oregon land was annexed. 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Human Error Definition Glossary of Ergonomics Terms

Human error can simply be described as an error made by a human. But it gets a little more complicated than that. People make mistakes. But why they make mistakes is important. With that in mind, human error is when a person makes a mistake because that person made a mistake. As opposed to being confused or influenced by other factors of the design. It is also known as Operator Error. Human error is an important concept in ergonomics but it is mainly referred to in context. It is a possible answer to the questions: What caused the accident? or How did it break? That doesnt mean that the vase broke because of human error. But when you are evaluating a mishap from a piece of equipment or a system then the cause may be human error. It may also be incorrect installation or a manufacturing defect or a slew of other possibilities. Theres an old episode of I Love Lucy where Lucy gets a job working on an assembly line boxing candies. The line is moving too fast for her to keep up and madcap comic romps ensure. The breakdown in the system was not mechanical but human error. Human error is typically called into being during an accident or mishap investigation such as a car crash, house fire or a problem with a consumer product leading to a recall. Usually, it is associated with a negative happening. In industrial operations, something called an unintended consequence may occur. This may not necessarily be bad, just unexplained. And investigation may conclude that the equipment or system design is fine but the human component messed up. The legend of Ivory soap is an example of positive unintended consequences due to human error. Back in the late 1800s Proctor and Gamble were manufacturing their new White Soap with hope to compete in the fine soap market. One day a line worker left the soap mixing machine on while he went to lunch. When he got back from lunch the soap was extra frothy having incorporated more air than normal into it. They sent the mixture down the line and turned it into bars of soap. Soon Proctor and Gamble were inundated with requests for the soap that floats. They investigated, found the human error, and incorporated it into their product Ivory soap which is still selling well over a century later. (Note-recent research by Proctor and Gamble suggests that the soap was actually invented by one of their chemists but the legendary example still illustrates the human error point)​ From a design perspective, the engineer or designer produces a piece of equipment or a system with intentions to function in a certain way. When it doesnt function that way (it breaks, catches on fire, messes up its output or is befallen of some other mishap) they try to find the root cause. Typically the cause can be identified as a: design deficiency - when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design have a problem that caused the mishapequipment malfunction - when the machine operated incorrectlymanufacturing defect - when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to failenvironmental hazard - when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous conditionhuman error - when a person did something wrong If we look at watching TV as a system we can give examples for all of these types of errors that would lead to the TV not working. If there is not a power button on the set itself it is a design deficiency. If the channel scanner cant pick up the channels because of a software glitch it is a malfunction. If the screen wont light up because of a short it is a manufacturing defect. If the set gets struck by lightning it is an environmental hazard. If you lose the remote in the couch cushions it is human error. Thats all well and good, you say, But what constitutes human error? I am glad you asked. To better analyze the mishap and better understand the human error we have to quantify it. Human error is more specific than just making a mistake. Human Error Includes Failing to perform or omitting a taskPerforming the task incorrectlyPerforming an extra or non-required taskPerforming tasks out of sequenceFailing to perform the task within the time limit associated with itFailing to respond adequately to a contingency To continue with our TV example if you omit pressing the power button the TV wont come on and its human error. If you press power on the remote with it facing backward youve performed the task incorrectly. Pressing the power button twice is an extra task and no TV. If you try to turn it on before you plug it in youre going out of sequence. If you have an old plasma TV and you move it laying down if you turn it on without letting it sit upright for a while to redistribute the gasses you can actually blow it up by going out of sequence. If you dont pay your cable bill on time youve failed to act within the allotted time and, again, no TV. Furthermore, if you dont tackle the cable guy when he comes to disconnect it youve failed to react adequately to a contingency. Human error may be identified as the cause when the root cause is actually something else on the list. If a switch malfunctions when the operator uses it that is not human error it is a malfunction. While there are some things that contribute to human error, design deficiencies are often misdiagnosed as human errors as well. There is an ongoing debate between ergonomically centered designers and engineering-minded designers about human error and design deficiency. On one side is the belief that almost all human error is related to design deficiency because a good design should take into account human behavior and design out those possibilities while on the other side they believe people make mistakes and no matter what you give them they will find a way to break them.

Drug Test Benefits Free Essays

Recent increases in the use of illegal drugs and problems related to that use have raised a variety of public health and safety concerns. These concerns have led many to propose drug testing as one of the best ways to combat the proliferation of drug use. Although the focus is testing for drugs, it is worth noting that similar calls for increased testing has risen due to the spread of HIV and the threat it poses to those exposed to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Test Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clearly, these public health and safety concerns conflict with privacy claims of those being targeted for testing. Nevertheless, many view the public safety threat as serious enough to override completely any individual privacy interests. Indeed, public opinion polls indicate that there is widespread support for a variety of testing programs, even those that are random and mandatory. Although drug abuse should not be tolerated in the workplace, care must be taken to limit the extent to which drug testing intrudes on people=s privacy. The idea is to use the technology carefully, with adequate justification, and with enough safeguards and precautions to ensure that testing is done thoughtfully and responsibly. Both the government and private business argue that they have a significant interest in testing citizens and employees for a variety of reasons. First, they can fight the Adrug war@ by weeding out users and stopping drug use. Second, they can ensure safety by revealing conditions that pose a serious threat to co-workers or the public. Third, they test employees so they can maintain a fully responsive and effective workforce. Fourth, they can identify those who will be unable to work in the future. Fifth, it will help reduce the cost of employee health care plans. Finally, drug testing will help maintain public confidence in the integrity and trustworthiness of their operations. Many insurance agencies argue that testing is necessary because it fundamentally causes the healthier employees to pay higher premiums to cover the costs of the coverage for those who are at greater risk levels. All of these arguments provide strong reasons to consider drug testing. In some industries, such as health care and transportation, even casual drug or alcohol use can result in not only increased costs, but also in lawsuits and loss of life. Even if the employee is not chemically dependent, a spouse or family member using drugs or alcohol can mean missed work, extensive personal phone calls and increased dependent medical benefits. Supreme court justice Antonin Scalia found drug testing to be an invasion of privacy and a practice of A needless indignity. @ He states that if a blood test is used, it involves puncturing the skin. If a urinalysis is utilized, the sample must sometimes be gained under direct observation to guard against drug-free substitutions and falsification of results. He feels that there are more effective methods of identifying drug users. For example, a daily observation of moods, behavior, and productivity, can detect drug use and be dealt with immediately. Many employees feel that implementing a drug testing program will prove to the lack of trust between the employer and employee. They feel that this will cause high turnover rates from year to year. It will also lower employee morale and effectiveness while on the job. These problems could be avoided by just utilizing the observance plan mention earlier. Opponents of drug testing also focuses on the limitations of the testing procedures, arguing that the tests are highly inaccurate. One worry is the sensitivity of the tests. Many types of tests procedure inaccurate, innocent parties will be harmed because most tests produce a large number of false positive results, indicating that there has been drug use when there has actually been none. Such false positive results can rise from the use of medications, passive inhalation of marijuana smoke, or the technology employed for many drug tests. Drug testing opposers cite the human error of lab personnel that further implicates the accuracy of results The first two cases on drug testing to reach the Supreme Court were argued in 1988. From the decisions issued the following year, it is clear that the court held that urine tests are a significant intrusion into a fundamentally private domain. Since then, every court that has addressed the issue has found that urinalysis and blood tests intrude on privacy as a search and seizure forbidden under the fourth amendment. Courts have mainly focused on the privacy invasion involved, first, in the process of urination and the manner in which the specimen is obtained, and second, in the individuals interest and safeguarding the confidentiality of the information contained in the sample. While drug tests might also violate the fifth amendment protection of due process and constitutional privacy interests, courts have taken the privacy claims of the fourth amendment to be the most forceful constitutional threat. Some surveys show employees strongly support drug testing because it promises greater safety and harmony at work. However, scores of civil suits in the early and mid 1980’s challenged the procedure as an invasion of privacy. The courts have upheld most testing programs, and fewer suits are now being filed. In a study conducted by the society for Human Resources Management, human resource professionals most consistently favored the use of drug and alcohol testing, soliciting criminal record checks, and monitoring visual display, terminal keystrokes and phone activity. While employers may deem these activities as essential to preserve workplace safety and productivity, many employees would argue that they violate their privacy, both on the job and at home. Employees may not be invaded by having to participate in drug tests with the urinalysis. Technology has advanced so that any impairment in a workers performance while on the job due to drugs or alcohol will be monitored on computers. It is called performance or impairment testing by its creators, and is a game-like device that can test judgement and motor coordination through the ability to manipulate a cursor on a VDT screen. The benefits reveal the cause of an employee impairment. Performance tests would offer more privacy to the worker and promote a less hostile environment People have objected mostly to random drug testing, which is mainly limited to government and private jobs that effect public safety, like those at nuclear power plants, airlines, railroads and trucking companies. More than 90 percent of the testing is of job applicants. But most of these same companies also test after accidents and when suspicions are aroused through erratic behavior. Fewer than 10 percent of the companies test randomly or at the time of annual physicals An employer has an extreme amount of influence on an individual to receive some type of treatment for their addiction. They are in the position to provide incentive for accepting treatment, as well as emotional support afterwards, because the job usually is of extreme importance to the addicted individual. The management should offer and accessible health insurance plan so that when the employee needs to receive the treatment that they can easily do so without having to involve several other people Once the addict has received the needed care, their job structure should be altered by management. They should be placed in a less stressful atmosphere. Their amount of work decreases for a certain amount of time, and they should not be placed on a demanding quota schedule that could trigger an emotional swing back toward the addiction The key to this success is having a good prevention program in place to detect problems at an early stage in their development. @If these problems can be detected early then outpatient treatment can be successful,@ says Maureen Whitmore of Occupational Health Services in Larkspur, California. Once a company has invested their time and money in rehabilitation of the employee, there are steps that must be followed to keep the employee from returning to their addiction. First, a peer support group should be provided where open discussion is encouraged in trying to cope with a new life and the new found pressure of work. Second, management should help their employees reintegrate back into the workplace. They will be confused and easily persuaded by stress that might have led to the problem in the beginning. Third, the company should hold AA meetings on-site and provide a crisis number to call in case of an emergency. Fourth, supervisors should be educated to watch for returning signs that the person is under stress. Fifth, management should involve family members and provide lifestyle education. Finally, stress reduced activities should be offered on-site, such as aerobics and fitness classes, and workshops on how to improve interpersonal skills. I feel that employee drug testing in some manner is essential to the performance and effectiveness of an employee in a company. Management needs the assurance that every employee is doing their job without any type of impairment from an outside source. However, I also feel that urinalysis testing is an invasion of privacy. As an employer, I will not be concerned with what types of drugs the employee is taking, but he is impairing the performance of the company. As I mentioned earlier, technology has advanced in such a manner that there will be no need for urinalysis tests. Performance or impairment testing programs will test the employee=s judgement and motor coordination through the ability to manipulate a cursor on a VDT screen. This will provide the employer with accurate information on the abilities of the employee to perform their job. It also keeps the employees addiction private and not for their employers to know. I feel that the increased health insurance coverage and the increased ease of access for employees will help them seek treatment for their addiction. However, there will need to be severe disciplinary actions for those who continually test positive. Once an employee has received treatment, the follow-up plans must be persuaded by management. This should help the employee to receive the needed attention for their problem, and help the company continue to have an effective employee. Drug testing has many benefits and set backs for both employers and employees. Certain types of drug testing are necessary in to days workplace for there to be an increased effectiveness of a company on their industry. However, employees still have privacy rights that cannot be infringed upon. A good and successful detection program and rehabilitation program are essential to the survival of the employee in the workplace. Eventually, the drug addiction will impair their abilities for life. 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Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures. Answer: Introduction Smart Grid is nothing but the integration of 20th centurys traditional electrical power grid made up of newer 21st centurys telecommunication and information technologies (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). This integration enables the efficient resource utilization for optimizing energy consumption aspects within electrical energy production industry. Henceforth, this technology includes the energy and communication flow in two specific ways. The smart grid technology emerged for managing significant areas of development in energy consumption therefore; the National Institute of technology has developed one model for managing the system architectural development of smart grid technology. Additionally for the evolution of this technology it introduces various other technologies for managing effective communication measures. Among all of this Internet of Things are considered within this assignment for managing highly compatible communication plan management for Smart Grid Technology. History of Smart Grid Technology and Internet of Things Almost as soon as there were the evolution of electrical distribution grids, the demands for devices that will be monitoring and measuring consumptions that needs to be managed with the help of supplier distributions and price controlling processes. Henceforth, the concept of smart grid was evolved within the technical domain of operation for managing the system architectural development within the industry (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There were various obstacles that opposed the information gathering process of grids and these are managed for developing grid management processes. In the year of 1882, Pearl Street System in lower Manhattan attempted to drag one electromagnet against one cautiously attuned spring closed or opened associates that illuminates red lamp or blue lamp. This experiment proved the smart operation of smart grid preparation process (Falvo et al., 2013). In addition to this, in the year of 1872, Samuel Gardiner innovated one stopped clock that also includes the te chnological advancement of smart grid technology which invested its role in developing the significant areas of operations within network architecture. Internet of things is another aspect that manages the internal as well as external connectivity involved within the significant system architecture of network infrastructure. Internet of things is nothing but one technology that integrates significant resources and functional elements which connects the elements involved within the network infrastructure (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). Internet of things connects functional blocks with respective situations for managing developing significant areas of operations within network architecture (Fettweis, 2014). There are different areas of operations that manage internet connectivity for appliances. These appliances includes smart air conditioners, smart TV, smart other appliances that connects itself with respect to various functional operational perspectives.these appliances are managed with respect to significant IP addresses assigned within each of devices. Relation with Smart grid and IoT Smart grid is nothing but the integration process of managing the significant appliances over a specific network infrastructure that manages the development of functional blocks involved within a network infrastructure (Friess, 2013). In addition to this,every device or functional block includes a specific assigned IP address that identified their operational status. Now these status is sent through the internet connectivity provided by Internet of Things within the network infrastructure. Therefore, smart grid technology requires the help of smart Internet of Things for managing their operational performance within the network infrastructure for managing their system architecture as well as their operational excellence with respect to the demands of network infrastructure (Gubbi et al., 2013). Communication protocols also play important and significant role mitigating issues and functional errors for the operational excellence being measured within the considered network infrastruct ure. Smart grid communications are mainly based upon wired and wireless network technologies that are apart from the technological perspectives these networks are based upon the functionalities of smart grids (Markovic et al., 2013). Additionally, these classifications involved within this research are classified Home area network, neighbourhood area network, access network and core or external networks etc. This network generally connects various smart grid objects such as home appliances, smart meters reclosers, capacitors etc. In contrast with these facts, all of these appliances are geologically disseminated throughout the grids from residential units to the substations. As mentioned within the introduction there are various communication protocols that are used within these appliances with the help different speed rates (Moreno-Munoz et al., 2016). The bandwidth and latency are managed with respect to the significant transmission bandwidths and other possible solutions. IoT Smart Grid Conceptual Model As mentioned within the preceding section of smart grid technologies and IoT technologies, it is found that the smart homes have various applications and some form of renewable energy possessions. These applications and possessions are considered as IoT technologies (Siano, 2014). These technologies can download and upload data and information from utilities and residential place owners. At a large intake, many of the devices which are considered as IoT objects such as reclosers, capacitors banks and switches etc. Smart grid or for larger cities may have huge amount of IoT devices within it. Smart Grid application Band Width Latency Substation automation 9.6 56 Kbps 15- 200 ms WASA Automation 600-1500 Kbps 15- 200 ms Outage Management 56 Kbps 100-2sec Distribution Automation 9.6-56 Kbps 100 ms- 2 sec Smart Meter Reading 10- 100 Kbps 2000 ms The research proposes that each appliance have significant IP addresses. These require the smart grid to has huge number of IP addresses (Gubbi et al., 2013). For this reason the IPV 4 is not suitable here as it contains only 32 bit addresses and therefore, it requires IPV6 addressing scheme (Zanella et al., 2014). In addition to this, this research is considering the 6LowPANcommunication protocol for managing the communication between different components of smart grid appliances. Smart home appliances combines smart appliances that are considered as one object for managing various operations within smart grid network (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). These appliances are air conditioners, water heaters, dishwashers etc. Unique IP addresses are assigned within each of the appliances of smart home and these can be accessed with the help of internet that is IoT (Gubbi et al., 2013). With the help of IoT the status of the appliances are transferred to the monitoring heads. The power substation has many devices that such as transformers, breakers, recorders and IEDs etc. Similarly, the substation is also considered as one object and these are assigned with significant IP addresses and their status is transferred through internet (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There are authorized operators within the areas who manage these operations. Distributed renewable energy resources The dispersed renewable energy possessions are one of the key smart grid enablers that are installed within the housing areas of operations (Fettweis, 2014). This supplements power sources to the areas for these appliances being installed within the network architecture of the system (Gubbi et al., 2013). These are also have significant IP addresses and these are accessed through the internet of things devices over any significant regions. For operating grid efficiency a mobile labor force needs to be available for 24 hours within the network architecture. These include laptop, fridges, power lines etc (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). These also used different IP addresses and are accessed with the help of internet activity and these IP addresses within the network. This center have huge amount of appliances and database services within their network, such as DMS (distribution management system), CIS (Customer information systems), SCADA etc. Each of these services has their own IP addresses and these can be connected with help of Internet of Things approach (Friess, 2013). Echo systems are nothing but the external power server providers. These are also known as third party power provider (Gubbi et al., 2013). Each of these also has significant IP addresses over their network infrastructure. Conclusion This can be concluded that the conceptual model for the smart grid technology within the IoT concept. In consideration with the research processes, appliances and devices are considered as the objects. Each object are assigned with some specific IP addresses that are connected with the help of PLC, LTE and other communication measures and IoT plays a great role in managing relation in between these functional elements. Therefore, these are managed with respect to these functional areas and domains of operations within this report. IoT is used within this research as linking communication components that manages the communication measures for these considered objects. All of these information collected and gather from this research proceses, it is highlighted that the consideration for smart grid and internet of things are very essential for managing the development perspective of any network infrastructure and developmental aspect of the network infrastructure. References Al-Ali, A. R., Aburukba, R. (2015). Role of internet of things in the smart grid technology.Journal of Computer and Communications,3(05), 229. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), 2347-2376. Falvo, M. C., Martirano, L., Sbordone, D., Bocci, E. (2013, May). Technologies for smart grids: A brief review. InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2013 12th International Conference on(pp. 369-375). IEEE. Fettweis, G. P. (2014). The tactile internet: Applications and challenges.IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine,9(1), 64-70. Fortino, G., Trunfio, P. (2014). Internet of things based on smart objects.Fortino P. Trunfio, eds., Cham: Springer International Publishing. Friess, P. (2013).Internet of things: converging technologies for smart environments and integrated ecosystems. River Publishers. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Markovic, D. S., Zivkovic, D., Branovic, I., Popovic, R., Cvetkovic, D. (2013). Smart power grid and cloud computing.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,24, 566-577. Moreno-Munoz, A., Bellido-Outeirino, F. J., Siano, P., Gomez-Nieto, M. A. (2016). Mobile social media for smart grids customer engagement: Emerging trends and challenges.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, 1611-1616. Siano, P. (2014). Demand response and smart gridsA survey.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,30, 461-478. Yan, Y., Qian, Y., Sharif, H., Tipper, D. (2013). A survey on smart grid communication infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,15(1), 5-20. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.IEEE Internet of Things journal,1(1), 22-32.