Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with significant Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Situated in the northwestern Altai Mountains about 6 km from the town of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, starting ~200,000 years back. In particular, the cavern is the place the main proof was found of Denisovans, a recently recognized types of individual. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First area where new primate species Denisovan was recognized, detailed in 2011Human occupations incorporate Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are like that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date somewhere in the range of 200,000 and 50,000 years back The cavern, framed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters over the correct bank of the Anui River close to its headwaters. It comprises of a few short displays stretching out from a focal chamber, with an absolute cavern zone of somewhere in the range of 270 sq. m. The focal chamber estimates 9x11 meters, with a high angled roof. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Unearthings in the focal chamber at Denisova have uncovered 13 Pleistocene occupations somewhere in the range of 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The ordered dates are overall radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on silt, except for Strata 9 and 11, which have a bunch of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the most reduced are viewed as impossible, likely just in the scope of 125,000 years prior. Layer 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Atmosphere information got from palynology (dust) and faunal taxa (creature bone) recommends that the most seasoned occupations were situated in birch and pine backwoods, with some huge treeless regions in higher heights. The accompanying time frames changed impressively, however the coldest temperatures happened not long before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years back, when a steppe situation was built up. Hominins Primate stays recuperated from the cavern incorporate four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, spoke to by a section of a long bone, that hereditary examinations demonstrate was the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was at any rate 13 years of age at death: and her hereditary cosmetics shows that her dad, as well, was the aftereffect of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The most punctual Denisovan in the cavern lived between 122.7â€194.4 thousand years prior (kya); another lived somewhere in the range of 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived somewhere in the range of 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived somewhere in the range of 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal kid lived somewhere in the range of 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The latest date isn't that unique in relation to the close by Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45â€48 kya, leaving the likelihood that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic In spite of the fact that the site is generally stratigraphically very unblemished, tragically, a significant brokenness isolates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is altogether upset, making it hard to safely isolate the dates of the curios in them. Denisova is the sort site for what Russian archeologists have called the Denisova variation of Altai Mousterian, having a place with the Initial Upper Paleolithic time frame. Stone instruments in this innovation display utilization of the equal decrease technique for centers, huge quantities of laminar spaces and devices formed on enormous sharp edges. Spiral and equal centers, constrained quantities of genuine sharp edges and an assorted arrangement of ​racloirs are additionally distinguished in the stone apparatus gatherings. A few noteworthy workmanship objects have been recuperated inside the Altai Mousterian layers of the cavern, including beautiful objects of bone, mammoth tusk, creature teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two parts of a stone arm band made of drilledâ worked and cleaned dull green chloritolite was found in these UP levels at Denisova. A lot of bone devices incorporating little needles with bored eyes, bits and pendants, and an assortment of barrel shaped bone globules has additionally been found in the Upper Paleolithic stores. Denisova contains the most punctual proof of looked at needle make in Siberia. Denisova and Archeology Denisova Cave was found longer than a century back, yet its Pleistocene stores were not perceived until 1977. From that point forward, broad unearthings by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and close by destinations of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded extensive proof about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Chosen Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Paleolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640â€44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894â€97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marã ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josã © Marã ­a Bermã ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Diary of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251â€55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Prehistoric studies, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129â€38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Hereditary History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053â€60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113â€16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fou rth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Marketing †Positioning a New Product Free Essays

string(60) planned enhancement customary sites not supplant them. Showcasing | Positioning a Radically New Product ForceX, Inc. has plans to make another Situational Awareness (SA) item that is focused towards Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA). This new item is a reasonable takeoff from the ordinary Mission Execution items that ForceX, Inc. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting †Positioning a New Product or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now has created before. Strategic programming applications ordinarily envelop Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and Target Tracking and Locating (TTL) programming items that take crucial information and give the administrators the utilitarian abilities to utilize the arranging information in the execution of their allocated mission(s). ForceX, Inc. is endeavoring to broaden its client base by moving into this market just as accomplishing their key vision of turning into the pioneer in giving SA programming arrangements. Target Market The objective market for this item in Federal, State, and Local LEA that lead crisis reaction activities in help policing activities or cataclysmic events. The clients in this market have ISR and TTL programming and gear gave by different sellers. In all cases the product applications gave by contenders fall into just one of the two classifications. None of the sellers in this market give an answer that consolidates the two strategic activities of ISR and TTL into one application that gives a situational attention to administrators leading both ground and airborne tasks. The all out picture empowers law implementation staff to lead the entirety of their strategic activities from a solitary â€Å"common picture†. It is basic for law implementation faculty to have an away from of the circumstance as they build up their strategies for killing the circumstance. In contrast to the Department of Defense (DoD), LEA have an increasingly rigid arrangement of rules for the utilization of savage power during fierce circumstances, to forestall inadvertent blow-back and potential claims. The more data that is scattered to the owest levels of operational faculty the better that opportunity of mission accomplishment with least or no blow-back. This new item mitigates the requirement for two separate applications and consolidates the ISR and TTL tasks into one programming bundle that will decrease costs. Cost decrease will be knowledgeable about a few regions, for example, programming, preparing, documentation, and so forth. It will likewise empower the admin istrators to effectively finish their missions. LEA have constrained spending plans and assets and ForceX, Inc. a position the new item at an expense far not exactly the competitor’s item contributions while understanding the two most noteworthy necessities with one programming application. Rivalry An investigation of the opposition in the market shows that the contenders are fit for filling the airborne ISR necessities of the law authorization showcase. Their innovation is state-of-the-art and now and again is forefront. In any case, there is an unmistakable absence of the ability to give and circulate a situational mindfulness â€Å"common picture† to all components taking an interest in the activity. Rivalry in this market is furious and current clients will be unable to change to ForceX, Inc. ’s application except if the expense is low and the useful abilities are high. There are no rivals in the market that serve both the DoD and LEA. The entirety of the contenders just give ISR applications and most don't appropriate the information to ground clients. ForceX, Inc. ’s item gives a solitary programming application that permits the ISR stage to disseminate ongoing situational mindfulness information all components of the activity being led. Situating Strategy ForceX, Inc. s not the principal item to be offered in this market and thusly would be viewed as a market devotee or a market challenger. It would not be in the company’s wellbeing to clash for showcase initiative. ForceX, Inc. will improve by utilizing a technique that abuses the shortcomings of those right now in the market. Utilizing its notoriety in the DoD showcase the organization can make a pictur e that depicts the prevalent properties of its product application and how the product has been battle tried and battle demonstrated. None of different rivals in this market can make this case. The Role of Social Media Using online networking for ForceX, Inc. would not be a suitable arrangement dependent on its present client base of DoD and Department of Homeland Security clients. ForceX, Inc. ’s clients and their related strategic activities are now and again â€Å"Top Secret† and data posted via web-based networking media locales would need to be examined by the ForceX, Inc. ’s Security Officer to guarantee that no characterized data is being posted. The utilization of online networking locales are disheartened by the Defense Security Service for people having an exceptional status. It is their conflict that what is by all accounts innocuous information set on an internet based life locales can be gathered and sort out to increase touchy or characterized data. This equivalent saying remains constant for partnerships and its representatives. There is another part of Social Media that ForceX, Inc. can exploit and that is drawing in new ability to come to work at ForceX, Inc. The web based life that does this best is LinkedIn due to its connect to experts everything being equal and all degrees of capacity. ForceX, Inc. necessities to exploit this sort of online life to post employments, draw in new ability, and fabricate their image. Be that as it may, when ForceX, Inc. chooses to dispatch its business product offering web based life would furnish their business items with the introduction they should be effective. On the off chance that ForceX, Inc. chooses to utilize online life as a major aspect of their showcasing methodology, we would suggest that they either recruit an expert to be on staff or endow their web based life attempts to a counseling firm that is a specialist in the field of web based life advertising. Web based life is a moderately new instrument in a company’s promoting apparatus chest and is rapidly turning into a significant piece of a company’s methodology for building up its customer base. Before online life conventional sites were the pillar for advanced advertising endeavors. Internet based life was structured enhancement customary sites not supplant them. You read Showcasing †Positioning a New Product in class Paper models It is a minimal effort vigorous and responsive intends to market to clients. To increase a superior planned of the job web-based social networking is playing in the commercial center consider the accompanying realities extricated from â€Å"2012 Social Media Marketing Industry Report†: * â€Å"94% of all organizations with a showcasing division utilized online life as a component of their advertising stage. * â€Å"Almost 60% of advertisers are committing what might be compared to a full work day to web based life promoting advancement and upkeep. † * â€Å"43% of individuals matured 20-29 go through over 10 hours every week via web-based networking media destinations. † * â€Å"85% of all organizations that have a comm itted web based life stage as a component of their advertising methodology announced an expansion in their market introduction. † * â€Å"58% of organizations that have utilized web based life advertising for more than 3 years announced an expansion in deals over that period. † It makes sense that organizations can no longer keep away from not have a nearness in the web based life domain. There are a bunch of informal communication locales however our examination has discovered that there are four top destinations that an organization ought to consider building up a nearness in, in the event that they decide to showcase in this domain: * Facebook †the procedure in this internet based life is make a page for the partnership. A few specialists consider this as a â€Å"interactive business index listing†, which Facebook clients can follow. On this page the partnership can diagram the items and administrations the organization offers, post bargains on their items and administrations, dispatch new items and administrations, and manufacture the corporation’s brand. Twitter †the procedure in this online life is utilize the 140 character â€Å"tweets† to showcase the corporation’s items, item and administrations news discharges, illuminate devotees regarding uncommon item and administrations offers, and tell supporters of new webpage cont ent. Twitter likewise furnishes clients with the capacity to look for data on a specific theme utilizing hashtags. Hashtags permit the enterprise to coordinate individual â€Å"tweeters† to explicit ideas or data in their business tweets. Google+ †the system in this web based life is utilize the â€Å"Promote† choice that permits companies to make various groupings of devotees that can be each showcased to in an unexpected way. The enterprise ought to likewise exploit the â€Å"Measure† highlight that permits the company to monitor how their Google+ page is being utilized. * LinkedIn †ForceX, Inc. ’s system in this online life is build up a system of experts and construct brand mindfulness. LinkedIn permits you to build up your organization delegates as industry specialists and to interface with possibilities, merchant accomplices, and companions. LinkedIn likewise gives organizations the capacity to post employments and quest for ability. Showcasing is an instrument partnerships can use to illuminate customers about their items and administrations, who ForceX, Inc. is, and what they offer. Web based life achieves this for ForceX, Inc. as follows: * Social media can give a character to who the organization is and the items or administrations that they offer. * Corporations can make connections utilizing online life with individuals who may not in any case think about the compan

Recognizing the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction

Recognizing the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print Recognize the Symptoms of Marijuana Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 24, 2019 Marijuana use can be addictive. Jamie Grill/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Marijuana (cannabis) addiction is a pattern of marijuana use characterized by many of the typical signs and symptoms of drug addiction. The technical name for marijuana is Cannabis Use Disorder, and it is included in the  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,  Fifth Edition (DSM-5).?? You might hear it called cannabis or marijuana dependence, cannabis or marijuana abuse, or cannabis or marijuana misuse. These terms are now considered disrespectful to people who use substances, so have fallen out of favor, even in the medical profession, although of course, it is taking time for some people to catch up, especially those who have been working in the field for a long time and using this language. If you use marijuana, you may be wondering if youve become addicted to it. If so, heres something that may come as a surprise: Youve reached an important milestone on the road to changing your habits related to the drug. Why is that? Because, as with other types of addiction, denial is common among people who use marijuana.?? Sometimes it is lack of awareness, and sometimes it is a refusal to accept reality, but people who use marijuana hardly ever admit to being addicted to it. In fact, many marijuana users strongly deny that its even possible to be addicted to marijuana. So if you are questioning whether it is possible to be addicted to marijuana, you are ahead of those who dont even consider the possibility. Symptoms According to the DSM-5, the presence of at least two of the following symptoms, occurring within a period of 12 months, indicates you may be using marijuana in a way that might cause you problems.:?? Using it in larger amounts and over a longer period than you intendedThinking a lot about cutting back or stopping your marijuana use, without successSpending a lot of time seeking and using the drug and recovering from its effectsCraving (strongly desiring to use) marijuanaUsing the drug so often, or getting so intoxicated by it, that you cant get important things doneContinuing to use it even when its causing social or relationship problems for you, and/or even when youve developed a physical or psychological problem related to using itGiving up or doing less of activities you used to enjoy because youd rather use marijuanaUsing it in situations that could be hazardous or even dangerousDeveloping a tolerance for it â€" needing more and more of it to achieve the same effectsExperiencing withdrawal symptoms when you run out of or dont have access to marijuana What If You Think You May Be Addicted to Marijuana? First, take a good, clear look at the way youre living. How closely does your life fit with the addiction symptoms listed above? Remember, youre already past the denial stage, where many marijuana users get stuck and are unable to take back control of their lives. And youve read this article to this point, which suggests youre serious about getting help to curb or stop your marijuana use. If you think  youve crossed from casual or recreational marijuana use to marijuana addiction, seek help as soon as possible.  This is particularly important if youve experienced certain negative effects of marijuana, particularly:  ?? Extreme changes in mood, outlook, and/or the way you interpret things going on around youChanges in your self-image and/or the way you think about yourself or other people, especially if you start thinking that others are watching you, following you, or plotting against you Although these effects can be temporary, marijuana use has been linked to a very serious type of mental health problem called psychosis.?? Psychosis is treatable, but it is important to get treatment as soon as possible. Younger people in their teens and early twenties are particularly vulnerable to developing psychosis after using drugs, including marijuana. If you dont want your parents to know, go to the doctor on your own or with a friend, or find a youth clinic to help you. Despite what you may have heard, marijuana is not a harmless drug. In addition to keeping you from fully experiencing your life, it can be a trigger for mental illness. Getting help for marijuana addiction right away increases the likelihood that treatment will be effective and permanent.

What Defines Us as Americans - 894 Words

Anthony Smith Mrs. Williams U.S History March 16, 2012 What Defines Us as Americans Over the years there have been many events that have taken place. These events not only affected the people and the world of the present at that time, but also the future and even the way things are today. Knowing this we must ask ourselves what defines us as Americans? There are series of events that all together add up to define us as Americans such as, the Constitution, Westward Expansion, and the Civil War and Reconstruction. What do you think defines us as Americans? The Constitution states â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common†¦show more content†¦When the U.S admitted Texas to the union the Mexican War was started and upon victory the U.S gained control of Texas, New Mexico, California and the entire western land to the Pacific Ocean after Oregon land was annexed. 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Human Error Definition Glossary of Ergonomics Terms

Human error can simply be described as an error made by a human. But it gets a little more complicated than that. People make mistakes. But why they make mistakes is important. With that in mind, human error is when a person makes a mistake because that person made a mistake. As opposed to being confused or influenced by other factors of the design. It is also known as Operator Error. Human error is an important concept in ergonomics but it is mainly referred to in context. It is a possible answer to the questions: What caused the accident? or How did it break? That doesnt mean that the vase broke because of human error. But when you are evaluating a mishap from a piece of equipment or a system then the cause may be human error. It may also be incorrect installation or a manufacturing defect or a slew of other possibilities. Theres an old episode of I Love Lucy where Lucy gets a job working on an assembly line boxing candies. The line is moving too fast for her to keep up and madcap comic romps ensure. The breakdown in the system was not mechanical but human error. Human error is typically called into being during an accident or mishap investigation such as a car crash, house fire or a problem with a consumer product leading to a recall. Usually, it is associated with a negative happening. In industrial operations, something called an unintended consequence may occur. This may not necessarily be bad, just unexplained. And investigation may conclude that the equipment or system design is fine but the human component messed up. The legend of Ivory soap is an example of positive unintended consequences due to human error. Back in the late 1800s Proctor and Gamble were manufacturing their new White Soap with hope to compete in the fine soap market. One day a line worker left the soap mixing machine on while he went to lunch. When he got back from lunch the soap was extra frothy having incorporated more air than normal into it. They sent the mixture down the line and turned it into bars of soap. Soon Proctor and Gamble were inundated with requests for the soap that floats. They investigated, found the human error, and incorporated it into their product Ivory soap which is still selling well over a century later. (Note-recent research by Proctor and Gamble suggests that the soap was actually invented by one of their chemists but the legendary example still illustrates the human error point)​ From a design perspective, the engineer or designer produces a piece of equipment or a system with intentions to function in a certain way. When it doesnt function that way (it breaks, catches on fire, messes up its output or is befallen of some other mishap) they try to find the root cause. Typically the cause can be identified as a: design deficiency - when the mechanical, electrical or other components of the design have a problem that caused the mishapequipment malfunction - when the machine operated incorrectlymanufacturing defect - when the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to failenvironmental hazard - when an outside factor such as the weather causes the hazardous conditionhuman error - when a person did something wrong If we look at watching TV as a system we can give examples for all of these types of errors that would lead to the TV not working. If there is not a power button on the set itself it is a design deficiency. If the channel scanner cant pick up the channels because of a software glitch it is a malfunction. If the screen wont light up because of a short it is a manufacturing defect. If the set gets struck by lightning it is an environmental hazard. If you lose the remote in the couch cushions it is human error. Thats all well and good, you say, But what constitutes human error? I am glad you asked. To better analyze the mishap and better understand the human error we have to quantify it. Human error is more specific than just making a mistake. Human Error Includes Failing to perform or omitting a taskPerforming the task incorrectlyPerforming an extra or non-required taskPerforming tasks out of sequenceFailing to perform the task within the time limit associated with itFailing to respond adequately to a contingency To continue with our TV example if you omit pressing the power button the TV wont come on and its human error. If you press power on the remote with it facing backward youve performed the task incorrectly. Pressing the power button twice is an extra task and no TV. If you try to turn it on before you plug it in youre going out of sequence. If you have an old plasma TV and you move it laying down if you turn it on without letting it sit upright for a while to redistribute the gasses you can actually blow it up by going out of sequence. If you dont pay your cable bill on time youve failed to act within the allotted time and, again, no TV. Furthermore, if you dont tackle the cable guy when he comes to disconnect it youve failed to react adequately to a contingency. Human error may be identified as the cause when the root cause is actually something else on the list. If a switch malfunctions when the operator uses it that is not human error it is a malfunction. While there are some things that contribute to human error, design deficiencies are often misdiagnosed as human errors as well. There is an ongoing debate between ergonomically centered designers and engineering-minded designers about human error and design deficiency. On one side is the belief that almost all human error is related to design deficiency because a good design should take into account human behavior and design out those possibilities while on the other side they believe people make mistakes and no matter what you give them they will find a way to break them.

Drug Test Benefits Free Essays

Recent increases in the use of illegal drugs and problems related to that use have raised a variety of public health and safety concerns. These concerns have led many to propose drug testing as one of the best ways to combat the proliferation of drug use. Although the focus is testing for drugs, it is worth noting that similar calls for increased testing has risen due to the spread of HIV and the threat it poses to those exposed to it. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Test Benefits or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clearly, these public health and safety concerns conflict with privacy claims of those being targeted for testing. Nevertheless, many view the public safety threat as serious enough to override completely any individual privacy interests. Indeed, public opinion polls indicate that there is widespread support for a variety of testing programs, even those that are random and mandatory. Although drug abuse should not be tolerated in the workplace, care must be taken to limit the extent to which drug testing intrudes on people=s privacy. The idea is to use the technology carefully, with adequate justification, and with enough safeguards and precautions to ensure that testing is done thoughtfully and responsibly. Both the government and private business argue that they have a significant interest in testing citizens and employees for a variety of reasons. First, they can fight the Adrug war@ by weeding out users and stopping drug use. Second, they can ensure safety by revealing conditions that pose a serious threat to co-workers or the public. Third, they test employees so they can maintain a fully responsive and effective workforce. Fourth, they can identify those who will be unable to work in the future. Fifth, it will help reduce the cost of employee health care plans. Finally, drug testing will help maintain public confidence in the integrity and trustworthiness of their operations. Many insurance agencies argue that testing is necessary because it fundamentally causes the healthier employees to pay higher premiums to cover the costs of the coverage for those who are at greater risk levels. All of these arguments provide strong reasons to consider drug testing. In some industries, such as health care and transportation, even casual drug or alcohol use can result in not only increased costs, but also in lawsuits and loss of life. Even if the employee is not chemically dependent, a spouse or family member using drugs or alcohol can mean missed work, extensive personal phone calls and increased dependent medical benefits. Supreme court justice Antonin Scalia found drug testing to be an invasion of privacy and a practice of A needless indignity. @ He states that if a blood test is used, it involves puncturing the skin. If a urinalysis is utilized, the sample must sometimes be gained under direct observation to guard against drug-free substitutions and falsification of results. He feels that there are more effective methods of identifying drug users. For example, a daily observation of moods, behavior, and productivity, can detect drug use and be dealt with immediately. Many employees feel that implementing a drug testing program will prove to the lack of trust between the employer and employee. They feel that this will cause high turnover rates from year to year. It will also lower employee morale and effectiveness while on the job. These problems could be avoided by just utilizing the observance plan mention earlier. Opponents of drug testing also focuses on the limitations of the testing procedures, arguing that the tests are highly inaccurate. One worry is the sensitivity of the tests. Many types of tests procedure inaccurate, innocent parties will be harmed because most tests produce a large number of false positive results, indicating that there has been drug use when there has actually been none. Such false positive results can rise from the use of medications, passive inhalation of marijuana smoke, or the technology employed for many drug tests. Drug testing opposers cite the human error of lab personnel that further implicates the accuracy of results The first two cases on drug testing to reach the Supreme Court were argued in 1988. From the decisions issued the following year, it is clear that the court held that urine tests are a significant intrusion into a fundamentally private domain. Since then, every court that has addressed the issue has found that urinalysis and blood tests intrude on privacy as a search and seizure forbidden under the fourth amendment. Courts have mainly focused on the privacy invasion involved, first, in the process of urination and the manner in which the specimen is obtained, and second, in the individuals interest and safeguarding the confidentiality of the information contained in the sample. While drug tests might also violate the fifth amendment protection of due process and constitutional privacy interests, courts have taken the privacy claims of the fourth amendment to be the most forceful constitutional threat. Some surveys show employees strongly support drug testing because it promises greater safety and harmony at work. However, scores of civil suits in the early and mid 1980’s challenged the procedure as an invasion of privacy. The courts have upheld most testing programs, and fewer suits are now being filed. In a study conducted by the society for Human Resources Management, human resource professionals most consistently favored the use of drug and alcohol testing, soliciting criminal record checks, and monitoring visual display, terminal keystrokes and phone activity. While employers may deem these activities as essential to preserve workplace safety and productivity, many employees would argue that they violate their privacy, both on the job and at home. Employees may not be invaded by having to participate in drug tests with the urinalysis. Technology has advanced so that any impairment in a workers performance while on the job due to drugs or alcohol will be monitored on computers. It is called performance or impairment testing by its creators, and is a game-like device that can test judgement and motor coordination through the ability to manipulate a cursor on a VDT screen. The benefits reveal the cause of an employee impairment. Performance tests would offer more privacy to the worker and promote a less hostile environment People have objected mostly to random drug testing, which is mainly limited to government and private jobs that effect public safety, like those at nuclear power plants, airlines, railroads and trucking companies. More than 90 percent of the testing is of job applicants. But most of these same companies also test after accidents and when suspicions are aroused through erratic behavior. Fewer than 10 percent of the companies test randomly or at the time of annual physicals An employer has an extreme amount of influence on an individual to receive some type of treatment for their addiction. They are in the position to provide incentive for accepting treatment, as well as emotional support afterwards, because the job usually is of extreme importance to the addicted individual. The management should offer and accessible health insurance plan so that when the employee needs to receive the treatment that they can easily do so without having to involve several other people Once the addict has received the needed care, their job structure should be altered by management. They should be placed in a less stressful atmosphere. Their amount of work decreases for a certain amount of time, and they should not be placed on a demanding quota schedule that could trigger an emotional swing back toward the addiction The key to this success is having a good prevention program in place to detect problems at an early stage in their development. @If these problems can be detected early then outpatient treatment can be successful,@ says Maureen Whitmore of Occupational Health Services in Larkspur, California. Once a company has invested their time and money in rehabilitation of the employee, there are steps that must be followed to keep the employee from returning to their addiction. First, a peer support group should be provided where open discussion is encouraged in trying to cope with a new life and the new found pressure of work. Second, management should help their employees reintegrate back into the workplace. They will be confused and easily persuaded by stress that might have led to the problem in the beginning. Third, the company should hold AA meetings on-site and provide a crisis number to call in case of an emergency. Fourth, supervisors should be educated to watch for returning signs that the person is under stress. Fifth, management should involve family members and provide lifestyle education. Finally, stress reduced activities should be offered on-site, such as aerobics and fitness classes, and workshops on how to improve interpersonal skills. I feel that employee drug testing in some manner is essential to the performance and effectiveness of an employee in a company. Management needs the assurance that every employee is doing their job without any type of impairment from an outside source. However, I also feel that urinalysis testing is an invasion of privacy. As an employer, I will not be concerned with what types of drugs the employee is taking, but he is impairing the performance of the company. As I mentioned earlier, technology has advanced in such a manner that there will be no need for urinalysis tests. Performance or impairment testing programs will test the employee=s judgement and motor coordination through the ability to manipulate a cursor on a VDT screen. This will provide the employer with accurate information on the abilities of the employee to perform their job. It also keeps the employees addiction private and not for their employers to know. I feel that the increased health insurance coverage and the increased ease of access for employees will help them seek treatment for their addiction. However, there will need to be severe disciplinary actions for those who continually test positive. Once an employee has received treatment, the follow-up plans must be persuaded by management. This should help the employee to receive the needed attention for their problem, and help the company continue to have an effective employee. Drug testing has many benefits and set backs for both employers and employees. Certain types of drug testing are necessary in to days workplace for there to be an increased effectiveness of a company on their industry. However, employees still have privacy rights that cannot be infringed upon. A good and successful detection program and rehabilitation program are essential to the survival of the employee in the workplace. Eventually, the drug addiction will impair their abilities for life. How to cite Drug Test Benefits, Essay examples

Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures. Answer: Introduction Smart Grid is nothing but the integration of 20th centurys traditional electrical power grid made up of newer 21st centurys telecommunication and information technologies (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). This integration enables the efficient resource utilization for optimizing energy consumption aspects within electrical energy production industry. Henceforth, this technology includes the energy and communication flow in two specific ways. The smart grid technology emerged for managing significant areas of development in energy consumption therefore; the National Institute of technology has developed one model for managing the system architectural development of smart grid technology. Additionally for the evolution of this technology it introduces various other technologies for managing effective communication measures. Among all of this Internet of Things are considered within this assignment for managing highly compatible communication plan management for Smart Grid Technology. History of Smart Grid Technology and Internet of Things Almost as soon as there were the evolution of electrical distribution grids, the demands for devices that will be monitoring and measuring consumptions that needs to be managed with the help of supplier distributions and price controlling processes. Henceforth, the concept of smart grid was evolved within the technical domain of operation for managing the system architectural development within the industry (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There were various obstacles that opposed the information gathering process of grids and these are managed for developing grid management processes. In the year of 1882, Pearl Street System in lower Manhattan attempted to drag one electromagnet against one cautiously attuned spring closed or opened associates that illuminates red lamp or blue lamp. This experiment proved the smart operation of smart grid preparation process (Falvo et al., 2013). In addition to this, in the year of 1872, Samuel Gardiner innovated one stopped clock that also includes the te chnological advancement of smart grid technology which invested its role in developing the significant areas of operations within network architecture. Internet of things is another aspect that manages the internal as well as external connectivity involved within the significant system architecture of network infrastructure. Internet of things is nothing but one technology that integrates significant resources and functional elements which connects the elements involved within the network infrastructure (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). Internet of things connects functional blocks with respective situations for managing developing significant areas of operations within network architecture (Fettweis, 2014). There are different areas of operations that manage internet connectivity for appliances. These appliances includes smart air conditioners, smart TV, smart other appliances that connects itself with respect to various functional operational perspectives.these appliances are managed with respect to significant IP addresses assigned within each of devices. Relation with Smart grid and IoT Smart grid is nothing but the integration process of managing the significant appliances over a specific network infrastructure that manages the development of functional blocks involved within a network infrastructure (Friess, 2013). In addition to this,every device or functional block includes a specific assigned IP address that identified their operational status. Now these status is sent through the internet connectivity provided by Internet of Things within the network infrastructure. Therefore, smart grid technology requires the help of smart Internet of Things for managing their operational performance within the network infrastructure for managing their system architecture as well as their operational excellence with respect to the demands of network infrastructure (Gubbi et al., 2013). Communication protocols also play important and significant role mitigating issues and functional errors for the operational excellence being measured within the considered network infrastruct ure. Smart grid communications are mainly based upon wired and wireless network technologies that are apart from the technological perspectives these networks are based upon the functionalities of smart grids (Markovic et al., 2013). Additionally, these classifications involved within this research are classified Home area network, neighbourhood area network, access network and core or external networks etc. This network generally connects various smart grid objects such as home appliances, smart meters reclosers, capacitors etc. In contrast with these facts, all of these appliances are geologically disseminated throughout the grids from residential units to the substations. As mentioned within the introduction there are various communication protocols that are used within these appliances with the help different speed rates (Moreno-Munoz et al., 2016). The bandwidth and latency are managed with respect to the significant transmission bandwidths and other possible solutions. IoT Smart Grid Conceptual Model As mentioned within the preceding section of smart grid technologies and IoT technologies, it is found that the smart homes have various applications and some form of renewable energy possessions. These applications and possessions are considered as IoT technologies (Siano, 2014). These technologies can download and upload data and information from utilities and residential place owners. At a large intake, many of the devices which are considered as IoT objects such as reclosers, capacitors banks and switches etc. Smart grid or for larger cities may have huge amount of IoT devices within it. Smart Grid application Band Width Latency Substation automation 9.6 56 Kbps 15- 200 ms WASA Automation 600-1500 Kbps 15- 200 ms Outage Management 56 Kbps 100-2sec Distribution Automation 9.6-56 Kbps 100 ms- 2 sec Smart Meter Reading 10- 100 Kbps 2000 ms The research proposes that each appliance have significant IP addresses. These require the smart grid to has huge number of IP addresses (Gubbi et al., 2013). For this reason the IPV 4 is not suitable here as it contains only 32 bit addresses and therefore, it requires IPV6 addressing scheme (Zanella et al., 2014). In addition to this, this research is considering the 6LowPANcommunication protocol for managing the communication between different components of smart grid appliances. Smart home appliances combines smart appliances that are considered as one object for managing various operations within smart grid network (Al-Ali Aburukba, 2015). These appliances are air conditioners, water heaters, dishwashers etc. Unique IP addresses are assigned within each of the appliances of smart home and these can be accessed with the help of internet that is IoT (Gubbi et al., 2013). With the help of IoT the status of the appliances are transferred to the monitoring heads. The power substation has many devices that such as transformers, breakers, recorders and IEDs etc. Similarly, the substation is also considered as one object and these are assigned with significant IP addresses and their status is transferred through internet (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). There are authorized operators within the areas who manage these operations. Distributed renewable energy resources The dispersed renewable energy possessions are one of the key smart grid enablers that are installed within the housing areas of operations (Fettweis, 2014). This supplements power sources to the areas for these appliances being installed within the network architecture of the system (Gubbi et al., 2013). These are also have significant IP addresses and these are accessed through the internet of things devices over any significant regions. For operating grid efficiency a mobile labor force needs to be available for 24 hours within the network architecture. These include laptop, fridges, power lines etc (Fortino Trunfio, 2014). These also used different IP addresses and are accessed with the help of internet activity and these IP addresses within the network. This center have huge amount of appliances and database services within their network, such as DMS (distribution management system), CIS (Customer information systems), SCADA etc. Each of these services has their own IP addresses and these can be connected with help of Internet of Things approach (Friess, 2013). Echo systems are nothing but the external power server providers. These are also known as third party power provider (Gubbi et al., 2013). Each of these also has significant IP addresses over their network infrastructure. Conclusion This can be concluded that the conceptual model for the smart grid technology within the IoT concept. In consideration with the research processes, appliances and devices are considered as the objects. Each object are assigned with some specific IP addresses that are connected with the help of PLC, LTE and other communication measures and IoT plays a great role in managing relation in between these functional elements. Therefore, these are managed with respect to these functional areas and domains of operations within this report. IoT is used within this research as linking communication components that manages the communication measures for these considered objects. All of these information collected and gather from this research proceses, it is highlighted that the consideration for smart grid and internet of things are very essential for managing the development perspective of any network infrastructure and developmental aspect of the network infrastructure. References Al-Ali, A. R., Aburukba, R. (2015). Role of internet of things in the smart grid technology.Journal of Computer and Communications,3(05), 229. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M. (2015). Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(4), 2347-2376. Falvo, M. C., Martirano, L., Sbordone, D., Bocci, E. (2013, May). Technologies for smart grids: A brief review. InEnvironment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2013 12th International Conference on(pp. 369-375). IEEE. Fettweis, G. P. (2014). The tactile internet: Applications and challenges.IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine,9(1), 64-70. Fortino, G., Trunfio, P. (2014). Internet of things based on smart objects.Fortino P. Trunfio, eds., Cham: Springer International Publishing. Friess, P. (2013).Internet of things: converging technologies for smart environments and integrated ecosystems. River Publishers. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Markovic, D. S., Zivkovic, D., Branovic, I., Popovic, R., Cvetkovic, D. (2013). Smart power grid and cloud computing.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,24, 566-577. Moreno-Munoz, A., Bellido-Outeirino, F. J., Siano, P., Gomez-Nieto, M. A. (2016). Mobile social media for smart grids customer engagement: Emerging trends and challenges.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,53, 1611-1616. Siano, P. (2014). Demand response and smart gridsA survey.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,30, 461-478. Yan, Y., Qian, Y., Sharif, H., Tipper, D. (2013). A survey on smart grid communication infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,15(1), 5-20. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.IEEE Internet of Things journal,1(1), 22-32.

I Am Purely Amazed By The Astonishing Personal Revolution By Which A S

I am purely amazed by the astonishing personal revolution by which a simple inarticulate man transformed himself into the Mahatma, who ushered the British Empire out of India without even firing a shot. In the age of Empire and Military might he proved that the powerless had power and that force of arms would never prevail against force of spirit. Based on all this, Mahatma Gandhi surely deserved an award, which spoke of his efforts, his fight for freedom and justice and all his other contributions to this world. This award could be given to a few other people also who have been great reformers. It could be given to one who is a reformer, who has fought for the rights of the people, one who has fought against all the injustice, malpractices of this world, for the oppressed people. One who does not use his status, power and military to reform the world but his own might and that force of spirit to make this place a better world. One who displays the courage and conviction to stand for his beliefs. In short, he/she could be called the guiding light for peace in this world. Gandhi's concept of nonviolent resistance liberated one nation and sped the end of colonial empires around the world. His marches and fasts fired the imagination of oppressed people everywhere. Millions sought freedom and justice under Mahatma's guiding light. He proclaimed the power of love, peace and freedom. He fought for the rights of the Indians, for their freedom from the British. His principles surely made a difference in this world. In spite of being treated rudely and paying all sorts of penalties, he was never deterred. Many people, organizations and awards have already acknowledged Gandhi for his efforts. Recently he was rated the runner up Person of the Century second only to the great scientist Albert Einstein who had himself said that " the future generations will scarcely believe that such a man in flesh and blood, had tread this earth." in reference to Mahatma Gandhi. The British Broadcasting Corporation also voted him as the Man of the Millennium. Gandhi is a great man held in universal esteem, a figure lifted from history to moral icon. I would want to show my respect and reverence for him and also want to express that his efforts have not gone in vain and today even the children who are the future generation of this world remember and respect his work. I would like to call this award the "Life and Leaders" award. It would be given to a living or a dead person every year. I would first like to honor the so-called Father of the nation by the Indians, Mahatma Gandhi, by this award.

The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars The WritePass Journal

The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars Introduction The period of the twentieth century during genocides than in wars IntroductionReferences:Related Introduction Genocide in Rwanda, 1994 Throughout the period of the twentieth century it is believed that more people died during genocides than in wars (Helen Fein 1993:81), despite this staggering claim, the genocides have received noticeably less attention than the recent wars of the twentieth century. There exist many varied definitions of genocide, to state one; â€Å"a form of one-sided mass killing in which the state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are identified by the perpetrator† (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 1990) This very similar to the UN definition also used by such agencies as Medecins Sans frontiers (Destexhe 1995), the definition included in the 1948 convention states (Article 2): ‘In the Present convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: A)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Killing members of the group; B)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; C)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; D)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imposing measures intending to prevent births within the group; E)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.’ Furthermore as Article 1 reiterates ‘genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law which [the Contracting Parties to the Convention] undertake to prevent and punish’. The UN definition of genocide highlights in Article 2 the difference between direct and indirect killings, the latter being techniques such as birth control however they both share the same aim; biological destruction of the group. In addition the UN definition for political reasons excludes mass killing, this definition continues to be up for debate for example Helen Fein (London sage: 1993) views genocide as; â€Å"sustained purposeful action by a perpetrator to physically destroy a collectivity, directly or indirectly, through interdiction of the biological and social reproduction of group members, sustained regardless of the surrender or lack of threat offered by the victim†. An exact definition of genocide had direct repercussions when investigating and treating the individuals or groups responsible, it is possible that the potentially guilty party who controlled the genocide may contest the accusation of genocide, stating the actions taken took place in self defence or even under conditions of civil war.   They may also believe that those held responsible should be tried under war crimes and not under the crime of genocide, which is described as a crime against humanity under international law (Republic of Rwanda 1995:31). Throughout this case study I intend to provide a detailed insight into the horrific Rwandan genocide during 1994. Jean Kambanda created history on 1 May, 1998 becoming the first person to ever plead guilty to the crime of genocide at an international court hearing.   Kambanda, the prime minister of the Rwandan government, not only planned but instigated the mass attacks and in turn killings in 1994.   With the logistics of the genocide overseen by Kambanda, local authorities had enough people in place to initiate the killings; those who were not willing to cooperate with the orders were simply murdered. Furthermore he commissioned an ambience of anger and paranoia, initiated violence and as a result eventually oversaw mass murder. Kambanda as a result was convicted on all six counts and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Kambanda’s politics during his spell in government can be described as irrational and extreme; an underlying theme to his work was exclusion of Tutsis, believing them to be evil. In order to fully comprehend the reasons behind the genocide in Rwanda, it’s important to understand the history behind it. The origins of Rwanda’s genocide can be traced back a hundred years previous, when in 1894 the King of Rwanda welcomed Gustav Adolf von Gotzen, a German count, to his court. Ten years previously at the Berlin conference Rwanda was gifted to Germany as Africa was divided amongst the European superpowers. Belgium took control of Rwanda in 1916, until 1962 when independence was gained.   The Belgians favoured the Tutsi minority (Between 8 and 14 percent of the population at the time of the genocide) granting them preferential status. The ethnic relations between the Tutsis and the Hutus (At least 85% of the population in 1999) were respectable, furthermore they were not believed to be distinct races or tribes, thus Hutu and Tutsis conflict didn’t occur often. Furthermore any tension that existed between the two ‘tribes’ was increased further and highlighted by the Belgian colonial policy.   Gerard Prunier (1997:5) believes that â€Å"Each group had an average dominant somatic type, even if not every one of its individual members conformed to it.† With the Hutu being generally a small, stocky somatic type, â€Å"a standard Bantu physical aspect†, in comparison the Tutsi were generally tall and thin. However on the flip side Gà ¼nter (1955:672-7) believes ‘there were gross exaggerations of the physical characteristics between Hutu and the taller Tutsi, with the aristocratic minority invariably being compared with the majority of farmers and servants.’ Furthermore the colonisers implemented an identity card system in 1933, this categorised every Rwandan as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa (The latter being an aboriginal group that before the genocide in 1990 accounted for 1 percent of the population). The identity cards in question were retained during the post independence era, this providing information to the architects of the genocide, as they located their Tutsi victims and Hutu opponents. The Tutsi, who were deemed better educated and more prosperous, headed the campaign for independence after World War II. As a result the Belgians changed allegiance, now backing the Hutus. The change in allegiance let vengeful Hutu components murdered approximately 15,000 Tutsis over a three year period between 1959 and 1962, as Prunier (1997:63) states ‘ Violence in Rwanda forced many Tutsi into exile between 1959 and 1964, then again during 1972-3, amounting to approximately 600000-700000 people’. The Tutsi fled notably to Uganda and Burundi, where they formed a guerrilla organisation known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), with the aim of overturning the new regime.   This aim came to fruition in 1990, when the RPF invaded and occupied the north east of Rwanda. In August 1993 Habyarimana finally accepted an internationally-mediated peace treaty, providing the RPF with a share of political power and a military presence in Kigali. As a result the UN deployed 5,000 peacekeepers to oversee issues, referred to as UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda). However there is a school of thought that believes the Rwandan government, despite to treaty, didn’t accept the peace agreement. In addition some government’ officials and high ranked military officers had at that point designed personal ways to combat the Tutsi ‘issue’ as early as 1992. Habyarimana’s controversial decision to make peace with the RPF won others over to their side, including opposition leaders. Many believed themselves to be patriots when involved in the genocide. The above situation was referred to as the ‘Hutu power’ movement, this movement included moderate Hutu’s who opposed the genocide, which organised and supervised the genocide of April-July 1994. Additionally not only a strong sense of secrecy but a false sense of security combined to disarm the majority who were murdered during the genocide, Friedlander (1997: 60-1) described the situation pre genocide as an ‘illusion of normality’.   It is thought that a great deal of the Tutsi contingent based in Rwanda failed to anticipate the imminent genocide of 1994, despite mounting evidence that something was being planned, including periodic killings of innocent and unarmed Tutsi’s.   Covert actions were an important dimension of the Rwandan regime’s close political control, and were especially effective in a highly stratified society, where power differentials had long been taken for granted (Maquet 1961). Some high profile politicians and public figures had consistently voiced an opinion that the Tutsi ‘had it coming to them’, however references to a potential future genocide were few and far between. Firm statements of intent were rare, furthermore the rumours that indicated a potential planned genocide in fact served further to disarm the Tutsi contingent of Rwanda, by appearing to ’cry wolf’.   Had the Tutsi believed the genocide to be possible a greater number would have fled the country before April 1994 (Chretien 1995: Reyntjens 1994).   According to Clapham (1998:209), ‘groups who sought a genocidal solution’ used the period of the Arusha negotiations to prepare for the genocide, and had no intention of agreeing with the terms of any settlement. Ambiguity was deliberately cultivated during preparation for the genocide, and even during its implementation. April 6th 1994, the day that is widely thought to have triggered the holocaust in Rwanda. Presidents Habyarimana was assassinated when his plane was shot down from the sky by a surface to air missile as the plane approached Kigali airport. Although responsibility for the assassination has never been resolved, many believe that the Hutu extremists had opted to remove their president, who had previously allowed the Tutsi back into government, and initiate a ‘solution’ to the Tutsi ‘problem’. This is thought due to the speed with which the genocide was effectively launched. Within 24 hours of the president’s plane being shot down, roadblocks sprang up around the Kigali. The interahamwe ( â€Å"those who help one another†) militia controlled these roadblocks. In addition to this the Tutsi were segregated and hacked to death with machetes at roadside, however because of the perceived physical differences between the two ‘racial’ groups many taller Hutus were also killed. Furthermore death squads were established and given targets, both Tutsi and moderate Hutu, including the prime minister Agate Uwilingiyimana. The genocide quickly expanded from the capital city to more rural areas. The official sanction to kill originated from government state, but the killings were also conducted by normal people and quickly established militia’s, the astounding issue here is why were the population of Rwanda so determined to kill. Prunier (1997:140-1) proposed the ideal of the manipulation of certain group identities; â€Å"In a world where illiteracy is still the rule, where most of the population has horizons which are limited to their parochial world, where ideologies are bizarre foreign gadgets reserved for intellectuals, solidarity is best understood in terms of close community. In turn, these positive (or negative) group feelings are manipulated by the elite in their struggles for controlling the scarce and even shrinking financial, cultural and political resources.† However the reason could lie in the culture of Rwanda, a culture that embodies obedience to authority. The incursions and attacks of the PRF prior to the genocide made the Hutu’s perceive every Tutsi as a threat even more so. It is estimated that in just two weeks after the start of the genocide, approximately a quarter of a million Tutsis and moderate Hutus had been murdered.   Alongside the mass murder of Soviet prisoners of war during World War II, it is thought to be the most concentrated act of genocide ever; â€Å" The dead of Rwanda accumulated at nearly three times the rate of Jewish dead during the Holocaust.† (Gourevitch 1998:3), however Prunier (1997:261)believes the killings happened at an ever faster rate; â€Å" The daily killing rate was at least five times that of the Nazi death camps.† On a slightly more specific note, the gender aspects of the brutal killings is one of the least investigated factors of the Rwandan genocide. Judy El-Bushra states: â€Å"During the war of 1994, and particularly as a result of the genocide massacres which precipitated it, it was principally the men of the targeted populations who lost their lives or fled to other countries in fear. This targeting of men for slaughter was not confined to adults: boys were similarly decimated, raising the possibility that the demographic imbalance will continue for generations. Large numbers of women also lost their lives; however, mutilation and rape were the principal strategies used against women, and these did not necessarily result in death.† (El-Bushra, 200:73). This trend can be seen throughout the early 1990’s when Tutsi males were murdered as they were presumed to be part of the RPF organisation. ‘Throughout the genocide orders to kill were passed down from the top, and the majority who refused to kill were often killed’ (Gourevitch 1997:44-51), an example of this can be seen when the prefect of Butare refused to order Hutu to murder the Tutsis, he was killed and replaced by militia’s from the north (Prunier 1995:261; Article 19 1996:57). As a result all social ties were abolished,   leaving a situation where ‘pupils were killed by their teachers, shop owners by their customers, neighbour killed neighbour and husband killed wives in order to save them from a more terrible death’ ( Destexhe 1995:31). The Hutu used physical features as a guide during the genocide, such as a ‘long nose, long fingers or height (were) considered a sufficient basis for a sentence of death’   (African rights 1996:45), however as Clapham (1998:197) states ‘the blurred vision between the two ‘ethnic groups’ could not be taken as a re liable identity indicator’. On the topic Prunier (1995: 198,142) states that ‘Chopping up men was â€Å"bush clearing† and slaughtering women and children was â€Å"pulling out the roots of the bad weeds†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. As mentioned above the Tutsis and moderate Hutu males were almost exclusively targeted prior the genocide and in fact in its early stages, however there exist strong evidence that between April and June 1994 the gendering of the genocide altered, with more women and children being murdered in the later stages. Alison Des Forges in a 1999 report on the genocide wrote; â€Å"In the past Rwandans had not usually killed women in conflicts and at the beginning of the genocide assailants often spared them. When militia had wanted to kill women during an attack in Kigali in late April, for example, Renzaho [a principal leader of the genocide] had intervened to stop it. Killers in Gikongoro told a woman that she was safe because Sex has no ethnic group. The number of attacks against women [from mid-May onwards], all at about the same time, indicates that a decision to kill women had been made at the national level and was being implemented in local communities. (See Human Rights Watch, Mid- May Slaughter: Women and Children as Victims, in Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda.) As briefly discussed the Tutsi formed an organisation called the RPF, as soon as the genocide erupted the RPF launched an attack on Kigali.   As a result the government resistance was destroyed; this eventually brought an end to the genocide in many areas of the country.   On July 4 1994, Kigali fell to the RPF and in turn the genocide came to an end on July 18th. It is difficult to establish an accurate death toll for the genocide, a figure of 800,000 is generally accepted, although this remains unclear. This figure provided by the Human Rights Watch and is based upon a 1991 census, thus not taking into account the number of other victims of the genocide.   However Philippe Gaillard estimates that up to one million people were killed, this confirmed by Charles Petrie, the deputy co-ordinator of the UN Rwanda Emergency Office.   Additionally in a preliminary report published by the Rwanda Military of Local Government in December 2001, the figure of just over one million casualties is cited, based on a census in July 2000. The report states that 93.7% of the victims being killed because they were Tutsi; 1% because they had some form of relations with Tutsis; 0.8% because they looked like Tutsis; and 0.8% because they opposed the Hutu movement. Furthermore young people were particularly targeted, as 53.7% of the victims were between 0 and 24 years of age. Furthermore the strategy behind the Rwandan genocide was created and implemented by a small contingent of government officials, led by Bagosora, a Hutu extremist.   Bagosora, a retired army colonel, held the position of defence minister at the time of Habyarimana’s assassination. Agathe Habyarimana, the wife of the former president, Bagosora acted quickly in not only organising the genocide but rallying government support. These leaders exploited the highly-centralized nature of the Rwandan state, The genocide happened not because the state was weak, but on the contrary because it was so totalitarian and strong that it had the capacity to make its subjects obey absolutely any order, including one of mass slaughter. (Prunier1995:353-54.). Reyntjens (1996:244-5) believed the ‘Rwandan peoples tendency for obedient compliance, aided in facilitating the ruthless efficiency of the 1994 genocide’. There can exist no simple explanation to the genocide, a numbers of caus es may have aided in contribution, such as; colonial ideology of racial division (identity cards, preferential status to Tutsi then change of allegiance); political and economic struggles prior 1994; the nature of their organised society; and finally the fragile regional and class base of a political fraction determined to retain state power at any cost, which perhaps resulted in the mass killings To conclude I believe I have provided an extensive background to the genocide in Rwanda, which is crucial when aiming to understand to reasons behind the genocide leaving approximately one million dead. Furthermore I have provided an overview of surrounding factors that contributed to the violence and a detailed account of the genocide. References: Melvern ,Linda, (2004), Conspiracy To Murder The Rwandan Genocide, Verso African Rights. (1995). Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance. Revised edition. London Hintjens, Helen M, (1999), Explaining The 1994 Genocide In Rwanda, The Journal Of Modern African Studies, Cambridge University Press, [Online] Available at   jstor.org/stable/161847?Search=yessearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Ffilter%3Diid%253A10.2307%252Fi301388%26Query%3D258%26wc%3Don Accessed: 30-4-2011 Martin, Brian, (2009), Managing Outrage Over Genocide: Case Study Rwanda,   [Online] Available at: bmartin.cc/pubs/09gcps.html#_ftn2 Accessed : 24-4-2011 Rwanda: How The Genocide Happened, [Online] Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/1288230.stm Accessed on: 30-4-2011 Webster, Colin, (2007), Understanding Race and Crime, Open University Press,   [Online] Available at:  Ã‚   dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780335230396 Accessed on: 18-5-2011 Institute for the study of Genocide, [Online] Available at instituteforthestudyofgenocide.org/oldsite/definitions/def_genocide.html Accessed on 18-5-2011 Accessed on 18-52011 Fein, Helen, 1992, Accounting for genocide after 1945: Theories and Some Findings International journal on group rights 1, no.2:79-106, Kluwer academic publishers Gourevitch, Philip, 1998, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda, [Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998], p. 3.), St. Martins Press

Youth Offending Essay Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Youth Offending Essay - Literature review Example Social exclusion refers to the lack of acceptance, belonging and recognition of an individual or a community by others despite the fact that they may be neighbours in a city or a country (Friedman, 1993). Studies have shown that Black and Ethnic Minority (BEM) youths are the most affected by social exclusion in Wales and England. Interestingly, socially exclude youth are often found to be socially and economically vulnerable and have higher risks of living diminished lives in the eyes of the advantaged as well as in their own eyes (Applebaum et al., 2010). The social and economic changes in the free-market economies have been cited as the main causes of social exclusion of minority youths, more so in the Western countries. In addition, weaknesses and inequalities in government service provision have made socially excluded people rather vulnerable in many ways (Coker, 2003). For instance, in England and Wales, the socioeconomically deprived and socially exclude ethnic minority youths have been found to be at higher risks of being crime victims or offenders given their propensity towards committing crimes (CRC, 2008a). This paper thus explores the reasons youths from ethnic minority groups are over-represented in the criminal justice system of Wales and England and the possible approaches with which this trend may be addressed. The Criminal Justice System and Black Minority Youths Perhaps one of the most regrettable and enduring characteristic of the criminal justice systems is racial profiling and stereotyping of youths from minority ethnic groups (CRC, 2008b). Fortunately, there has been a considerable increase in the galvanisation of the link between minority ethnic groups and crime (University of Georgia, 2006). In worse cases, there have been so much racial stereotyping and crime profiling that black youths are referred to as ‘criminal predators’ (Silver, 1994). According to the Youth Justice Board (YJB), which reported that 1,822 young offender s were in custody in the 2010/2011 period, it is this profiling of minority youths that has subtly justified the over-representation of youths from minority ethnic groups and races in the criminal justice systems (BBC, 2011). Out of this population, minority ethnic youths constituted 39%, a 6% increase over the 2009/2010 period. However, the general figures of youth offenders dropped from 1977 of the 2009/2010 period (BBC, 2011). The Guardian also reported similar trends in both Wales and England, reporting that young black men accounted for nearly 40% of the population of youth jails in the two countries. Comparing the 2006 and the 2009/2010 period, the joint report with the Youth Justice Board (YJB) indicated an increase from 23% to 39% by young black youth composition (The Guardian, 2011). This over-representation is not only evident at the trial stages/courts but also in the correctional facilities such as prisons. Although, an unofficial policy, the tendency to racially and eth nically profile minority youths is so rampant that criminal justice practitioners openly practice it. Certain elements have been identified to be core to the culture of racial profiling and the emergence and practice of minority youth typification in the criminal justice system (Walker, 1977). While the number of minority youths incarcerated in the UK and Wales in the last three decades increased, the number of incarcerated white/majority has considerably gone down. Since historical times, youths from minority groups have consistently been over-represented at all the stages in the criminal justice system in the UK and Wales, the senior and the juvenile justice systems (Walker, 1992). In fact, this

Contemporary artists - Ackermann, Andre, Applebroog, Arevalo, Acconci Essay

Contemporary artists - Ackermann, Andre, Applebroog, Arevalo, Acconci - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary artists - Ackermann, Andre, Applebroog, Arevalo, Acconci" will specifically discuss the achievements of some contemporary artists like Rita Ackermann, Carl Andre, Ida Applebroog, Javier Arevalo, and Vito Acconci who contributed much to the world of contemporary art. Rita Ackermann, the Hungarian- American painter was born in 1968 at Budapest in Hungry. She completed her basic training from University of Fine Arts Budapest and flew to New York in order to achieve higher degrees in painting from the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. Even though Ackermann mainly concented in paintings and drawings, she was also interested in T-shirts and skateboard designing. She is a well known contemporary artist who challenged all traditional concepts of painting and depicted contradictions of human nature on her canvas. In her early stages of painting, she focused on the seductive notions of pubescent girls and their conceptual transitions of nymphoma nia in various phases of their lives. She also tries to enlighten a plethora of social factors which influences or inspires these mental abnormalities. Similarly she bases pornographic ideas in her paintings with the intention of reflecting mental variances in human values and relations. In her opinion, attraction of music and other art performances influence her a lot in the works. Ackermann’s â€Å"work is often most striking where it most closely resembles something we have been seen before† (Schjeldahl).

Components and Features of Central Locking System

Components and Features of Central Locking System Central locking The main function of the central locking system is controlling access authorization at all times but it also must cover the following areas: actuation of opening handles or lifting, braking and locking the doors during closing operation. The central locking system includes following components: -locking bars on the body pillars, -doors, door lock mechanism and dedicated mechanical and electrical parts, -electrical components required to access authorization facility and radio remote control. Depending on their location further dividing being made: -side door assembly, -trunk assembly, -hood assembly, Illustration 1: Central locking system schematic Door assembly consists of catch, pawl and latch. The door lock striker is attached to the body pillar. Under closing operation the door lock striker gets caught by the latch and hold in the closed position and centres the door. The pawl positively locks the catch in position. This lock condition is automatically aborted when opening procedures begin. For this process the forces acting on inner or outer door handle are transferred to the pawl and cause the catch release to open the door. The door lock striker stays in the position while the catch swivels go into an open position. In a case of operation methods central locking system consists of two types of actuators: electromagnetic and pneumatic. Electromagnetic actuators rely on solenoids which lock or unlock doors using current going in both directions (open/closed) through an electric module. On this kind of system two types of arrangements are in use. First one uses separate relays for each of action taking by the system. One dedicated to open and another one to close the door. Both of them are controlled by a transistor switching the circuit operated by the capacitor (storage for energy necessary to operate system) which is releasing current necessary to activate the locks. Another type uses two capacitors and two relays working as a tandem. One pair is responsible for locking and another for unlocking. When the circuit is closed a current is discharged from the capacitor and the lock is either opened or closed. IMAGE Pneumatic actuators are driven by a pneumatic central unit which controls vacuum/pressure pump. When vacuum is applied actuators acting on mechanism lock or unlock the door. The vacuum pump is driven by electric motor which is working in both directions. Forward rotation creates a compressor action (doors open), while backwards rotation creates vacuum (doors close). Polarity on the electric motor is changed by a change-over control switch. IMAGE In most modern cars electrical locking system replaced mechanical unit due to a demand for quality and reliability. The main advantages of electrical locking system are: -symmetrical design, -smaller and lighter in comparison to a mechanical unit -only one lock version per vehicle -individually encoding at the end of the production line -door handles no longer move Other supplementary functions, like an interior light or status indicator, can be easily introduced in electrical locking system because the lock is equipped with electronics, which can carry out these functions. Communications with the locks, power supply and security system take place via data can bus system. Engine immobilisers An immobiliser is an electronic anti-theft security device which prevents engine start by an unauthorised person unless the correct key or fob is placed in the ignition barrel. If the correct key is used, transponder inside the key sends a signal to the reader which transfer signal to the receiver (ECU). If the signal is recognised by the ECU, the system allows user to start engine. If not the immobiliser disables few car systems necessary to start the engine: usually it is fuel injection, fuel pump and ignition components. The immobiliser is strongly connected to the car security system, so any unauthorised access to the car that is detected by the security system (movement detectors, infra-red sensor, sonic sensor and many others, depending on the security system) automatically trigger the immobiliser and any other alarm aims such a horn and flashing headlights. Car alarm can be activated by infra-red signal generated by the fob or a key ring and received by optical sensing unit placed somewhere in the car. Another type is a radio control system. Radio wave is created by the fob or the key and received by car antenna quite often a car heated rear window.   In both examples the signal is unique for each car and only this one signal is recognised by the ECU. Alarm system uses few different types of sensors to protect the car: -shock sensor: detecting any vehicle moment -ultrasonic: car interior is covered by an ultrasonic signal; any change in the strength on the signal pattern activates the alarm -voltage drop or current drain: any drop of voltage (disconnecting the battery) or current drain (by switching on interior light) -infra-red: detecting any disruption of the beam transmitted between two points inside of the car -direct earth contact: detected by the bonnet, boot and door switches when an earth contact happens Diagnosis and repair defect. Make: Vauxhall Model: Vectra B Year: 1999 After connecting central locking rig to the battery I noticed that the locking system does not work properly. Firstly, I checked voltage on the battery, unfortunately it was too low: -12v. To rectify this I connected the battery to the charger. Since then the central locking system starts to perform quickly and properly. After a short while the system stopped working completely. It didnt react to the car key fob. First, I checked the battery voltage inside the key. Multimeter showed the voltage of 3v (battery type-CR2032), which is absolutely perfect. I was looking closely into the key fob for any damage on the electronic circuit or battery holders, but everything was in a proper working order. After that I measured the resistance of each door and readings on multimeter were as follow: Nsf-1 ohm, Osf-1 ohm, Nsr-1 ohm, Osr-1 ohm, According to the Autodata all readings matched the factory range. To be sure about my findings I checked continuity on each of the door and this confirmed my thought that wiring between the doors and the central unit is in a good working order. Last part of my diagnostics was checking the condition of the central unit itself. Firstly, I connected the multimeter to the port No2 and No8 to check voltage transferred from the battery to the central locking unit. Unfortunately the voltage was 0v. Then I checked continuity on the wiring between the central locking unit and the battery. There was no continuity at all. My diagnosis: The wiring between the battery and the central locking unit is faulty.   To rectify this the faulty wiring needs to be replaced. Electrical circuit diagram

House Bunny Movie Review Essay

In the film House Bunny, a 27-year-old girl, Shelley Darlingson, played by Anna Farris, finds herself tricked out of the Playboy Mansion by another bunny for being too old. Shelley winds up at the University of Southern California and becomes the house mother in a very poorly kept sorority house, Zeta Tau Alpha, consisting of six socially awkward girls. After gaining the girls’ trust by showing them she is nice and can attract boys, she does her best to turn the ZTA girls around to be popular beautiful young ladies who are ‘better’ than the other sorority girls. However, the changing of personalities goes too far and the girls realize they’ve changed for the wrong reasons and begin to judge everyone. During the time Shelley is being blamed, she receives a call about how ‘being too old’ was a lie to get rid of her. When expecting Shelley to immediately drop everything and return to the Mansion, she decides to stay the hose mother of the Zetas. U sing this movie I plan on analyzing the movie through different scenes of the typical activities of the sorority girls on campus and comparing them to how college life is today and what could be done differently. Throughout House Bunny, a constant rival goes on between Phi Iota Mu and Zeta Tau Alpha. When Zeta, a now popular sorority, throws a mixer party the same night as popular PIM, all of the girls going through rush and all of the fraternity boys enjoy their evening at Zeta instead of PIM. Girls are initiated at the party through ‘sacrificial rights’ because they still have their virginity, music is played for everyone to dance to, and everyone enjoys their nights. These girls are focused on looking good now and being popular. Girls are very similar but a little different today. In today’s society in the typical college experience, girls are not initiated in this way and girls do not throw the parties. The girls, instead of throwing their own parties, get all dressed up and head out to other fraternities to listen to music, drink and get together with different guys. Several girls nowadays waste their time and throw away their good morals every weekend, when they coul d be choosing better alternatives such as a staying in for the weekend or at least one night and study or relax with some friends. Time management and studying are two of the hardest strategies to master as a college student. Unfortunately when we have free time we cling to more fun activities at all times and then get caught up later when it is the last possible second to do homework and we realize we should have been working on homework rather than partying. Studying is not the most fun activity nor does it sound better than going out with friends to drink or participate in crazy college activities; however, everyone has to do it eventually and it would just be easier if you studied a little every free moment and then you would have more free time later. You would be more successful if you thought about every possible outcome of each choice clearly before doing anything. In the movie, after the Zeta girls become popular and look prettier, thanks to Shelley, they set up a tent at the involvement fair. All of the students rush towards their tent because they have food, games, and calendars of the girls looking t heir best. The Zetas are getting more involved around the campus, as students should, but through popularity not service. From this popularity the Zetas go downhill from there and turn into the popular rude crowd to those who do not ‘belong.’ The Zeta’s stopped being who they were before Shelley became the house mother, the smart, nerdy, different crowd, and became the jerks who judged people off appearances. When trying to decide on bids for their house, they talked about how they had seen one of the girls before and thought they were weird and shouldn’t be allowed in their house. The Zeta’s stopped focusing on academics and their true personalities and tried to change for the ‘better’ when it was clearly for the worse. Involvement is a key to surviving in college. You should get involved to make new friends, find others like yourself, develop study groups, and stress-reliever outlet clubs. However, when you try to be involved with the rest of the campus through primarily popularity and parties, you are getting ‘involved’ in all of the wrong ways. Instead of changing to be the popular crowd by looking hot and becoming a preppy jerk to ‘fit in,’ just express yourself more and get out in the real world to try and make more meaningful friendships that could last a lifetime. If people could be more accepting and friendly instead of being quick to judge, everyone would have more friends and the world would be a better place. Acceptance is one of the biggest problems especially at a college where if you aren’t accepted you just hide from everyone and get discouraged. Everyone as a whole should work to be more accepting of others for who they are. I am not saying everyone has to like everyone else, but I am saying at least give everyone else a chance to shine and join the group. When a smart nerdy group of socially unaccepted girls get a new playhouse bunny house mother they turn into a stereotypical group of rude sorority girls who just want everyone to be in their house so they can be more popular as long as they are ‘normal.’ If people took the time to accept everyone and give everyone a chance, people would have more friends and not be as nervous to try to make new friends. Getting involved on campus is smart as long as you are getting involved in the right ways with the right group of people so you can make a difference in your community. Getting involved also has advantages, because it can help manage time and studying habits or even study groups. Involvement in the college community is smart so good grades can be attained, meaning better opportunities later. Managing your time and taking the time to study receives full benefits later, as well. College is not easy, especially when coming in as a freshman new to the whole idea of college. However, college can be enjoyed and mastered if you try to get involved, study more, accepts more people for who they are, and manage your time to the best of your ability. Works Cited The House Bunny. Dir. Fred Wolf. By Karen M. Lutz and Kirsten Smith. Perf. Anna Faris, Colin Hanks, Emma Stone, Kat Dennings, Hugh Hefner, and Tyson Ritter. Columbia Pictures, 2008. DVD.